Pulmoner amiloidoz

Özet

Pulmoner amiloidoz, akciğerde anormal protein birikiminin nodül, hava yolu duvarı veya alveoler septa ağırlıklı görünümler oluşturduğu nadir bir hastalıktır; tutulum lokal kalabilir ya da sistemik amiloidozun parçası olabilir. BT nodüler, diffüz alveoler-septal ve trakeobronşiyal örüntüleri ve hastalığın yayılımını gösterebilir; trakeobronşiyal tutulum hava yolu darlığına yol açabilir, amiloid tipinin belirlenmesi için doku örneği ve immünohistokimyasal inceleme gerekir. Özellikle kalsifiye nodüller maligniteyi dışlamaz, bronş duvarındaki kalınlaşma ise distal akciğer değişikliklerinin sebebini açıklayabilir. Hava yolu daralmasının fark edilmemesi tekrarlayan enfeksiyon veya atelektazinin altında yatan nedeni gizleyebilir.

Faz ve pencere

HRCT tanısal

BT’de periferik nodüller, trakea duvarında kalınlaşma ve diffüz tutulumda buzlu cam opasiteleri ile interlobüler septal kalınlaşma araştırılır.

Önerilen pencereler: Akciğer (G 1500 / M -600), Mediasten (G 350 / M 50).

BT bulguları

• Periferik nodüler birikim — iyi sınırlı tek veya çoklu parankim nodülleri plevraya yakın yerleşebilir; bazı nodüllerde noktasal ya da kaba kalsiyum bulunur.
• Trakeobronşiyal plaklar — submukozal birikim trakea ve büyük bronş duvarında yamalı, nodüler veya düzgün çevresel kalınlık oluşturabilir.
• Hava yolu kalsifikasyonu — duvar içi kalsifik odaklar mediasten penceresinde seçilir ve kıkırdak halkalardan bağımsız dağılım gösterebilir.
• Bronş lümeni daralması — duvar birikimi lümeni düzensizleştirip daraltabilir; tıkanıklık distalinde hava hapsi veya atelektazi gelişebilir.
• Alveoler-septal örüntü — interlobüler septalarda ve interstisyumda kalınlaşma, ince retikülasyon ve buzlu cam alanları birlikte görülebilir.
• Komşu subplevral mikronodüller — diffüz septal süreçte küçük periferal nodüller retiküler alanlara eşlik edebilir.
• Kistik eşlik — özellikle lenfositik interstisyel pnömoniyle birlikte ince duvarlı kistler nodüler amiloid birikimine eşlik edebilir.
• Çok kompartımanlı hastalık — bronş duvarı, parankimal nodül ve septal tutulum tek hastada birlikte bulunabilir.

Ölçütler ve sınıflamalar

Nodüler parankimal tutulum

Bir veya çok sayıda periferik, iyi sınırlı nodül baskındır; kalsifikasyon bulunabilir.

Trakeobronşiyal tutulum

Trakea ve bronş duvarındaki birikim plak, nodül veya çevresel kalınlaşma biçimindedir; lümen daralması eşlik edebilir.

Diffüz alveoler-septal tutulum

İnterstisyum ve küçük damar çevresindeki birikim retiküler opasiteler, septal kalınlaşma ve buzlu cam oluşturabilir.

Normalde

Normal trakea ve ana bronşların duvarı ince, konturu düzgün ve hava sütunu açıktır; akciğer parankiminde belirgin septal çizgiler, yaygın nodül veya buzlu cam bulunmaz. Mediasten penceresinde duvar kalınlaşması ile lümen içi lezyon ayrımı değerlendirilebilir ve hastalarda distal parankim değişiklikleri saptanabilir.

Ayırıcı tanı

Kalsifiye metastatik nodüller

bazı müsinöz veya kemik oluşturan primer tümörlerden yayılımda nodül kalsifiye olabilir; bilinen malignite ve dağılım ipuçları önemlidir.

Granülomatöz enfeksiyon sekeli

eski enfeksiyon da kalsifiye parankimal odaklar bırakabilir; aktif enfeksiyon lehine kavite, tomurcuklu dal veya nekrotik düğüm aranır.

Trakeobronkopati osteokondroplastika

kemik-kıkırdak nodülleri çoğunlukla ön ve yan trakea duvarındadır, arka membranöz duvarı koruma eğilimindedir.

Relapsing polikondrit

kıkırdak halkalarda kalınlaşma ve kalsifikasyon yapabilir; posterior membranöz yüz genellikle korunur ve klinik kıkırdak inflamasyonu eşlik edebilir.

Lenfositik interstisyel pnömoni

buzlu cam, retikülasyon ve kistler oluşturabilir; Sjögren bağlamı ve eşlik eden amiloid nodülleri ayrımı destekler.

Tuzaklar

• Kalsifiye nodül tek başına amiloidoz kanıtı değildir; eski enfeksiyon ve bazı metastazlar da benzer yoğunluk verir.
• Trakeobronşiyal amiloidozda arka membranöz duvar korunumu görülebilir; bu özellik tek başına amiloidoz tanısını doğrulamaz.
• Küçük lümenli bronşlardaki tıkanma tek kesitte fark edilmeyebilir; hava yolu boyunca takip edip distal lobüler havalanmayı kontrol edin.
• Diffüz septal kalınlaşma özgül değildir; BT amiloid örüntüsünü düşündürür, kesin sınıflama histopatoloji ve klinik korelasyon gerektirir.

Kendini dene

1. BT'de ana hava yollarında kalsifiye duvar birikimi lümeni daraltıyor ve distal akciğerde tekrarlayan kollaps alanları var. Hangi hastalık en olasıdır?

   • Endobronşiyal tüberküloz
   • Trakeal stenoz
   • Pulmoner AL amiloidoz
   • Bronş karsinoidi
   Cevabı göster

   Pulmoner AL amiloidoz. Duvar boyunca yaygın kalsifiye submukozal birikim, hava yolu darlığıyla birlikte amiloid tutulumunu düşündürür. Diğer endobronşiyal süreçler genellikle fokal lezyonlar oluştururken; yaygın duvar kalsifikasyonu ve daralma amiloidozun karakteristik özelliğidir.

2. Akciğer kenarlarında kalsifiye olabilen nodüllerin yanı sıra septal retikülasyon ve buzlu cam alanları bulunuyor. Hangi depo hastalığı bu çoklu örüntüyü açıklayabilir?

   • Pulmoner alveoler proteinozis
   • Pulmoner amiloidoz
   • Lenfanjitik metastaz
   • Kuvars pnömokonyozu
   Cevabı göster

   Pulmoner amiloidoz. Amiloidoz nodüler parankimal ve diffüz alveoler-septal görünümleri aynı hastada oluşturabilir. Amiloidoz nodüler parankimal ve diffüz alveoler-septal görünümleri aynı hastada oluşturabilir; bu kombinasyon diğer deposyon hastalıklarıyla ayırt edilmelidir.

İlgili konular

• Normal görünüm ve ince septal çizgiler

Kaynaklar

Bu sayfadaki 43 cümle ve 2 quiz sorusu aşağıdaki kaynaklardan alıntılarla otomatik olarak karşılaştırıldı; 8 cümle bu karşılaştırmada düzeltildi (2026-10-09).

1. Pulmonary amyloidosis, gastric MALT lymphoma, and multiple sclerosis in a patient with Sjögren’s disease: a case report and review of the literaturepmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
2. Association Between Common Variable Immunodeficiency and Pulmonary Amyloidosis: Reviewpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
3. Review of research on pulmonary cysts in sjögren’s syndromepmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
4. Pulmonary AL amyloidosis: A review and update on treatment optionspmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
5. Diffuse parenchymal pulmonary amyloidosis associated with multiple myeloma: a case report and systematic review of the literaturepmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
6. Pulmonary Calcification and Ossification: Pathogenesis, CT Appearance, and Specific Disorders.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
7. The lung in amyloidosis.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
8. Radiographic and Pathologic Manifestations of Uncommon and Rare Pulmonary Lesions.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
9. Review of research on pulmonary cysts in sjögren's syndrome.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
10. The spectrum of pulmonary amyloidosis.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
11. Pulmonary AL amyloidosis: A review and update on treatment options.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
12. 18F-FDG PET/CT in patients with amyloid light-chain amyloidosis: case-series and literature review.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
13. Clinical, radiologic, and pathologic features and outcomes of pulmonary transthyretin amyloidosis.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
14. Nodular Pulmonary Amyloidosis Mimicking Metastatic Pulmonary Nodules: A case report and review of the literature.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
15. Diagnosis of cystic lung diseases: a position statement from the UK Cystic Lung Disease Rare Disease Collaborative Network.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
16. Pathological entities that may affect the lungs and the myocardium. Evaluation with chest CT and cardiac MR.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
17. Pulmonary amyloidosis and cystic lung disease in primary Sjögren's syndrome: a case report and literature review.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
18. [Pulmonary amyloidosis in Sjögren's syndrome: a case report].pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
19. Pulmonary amyloidosis: A case series.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
20. Solitary nodular pulmonary amyloidosis mimicking primary lung cancer: A case report.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
21. Diffuse cystic lung diseases-a primer for radiologists.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
22. Radiologic patterns of interstitial lung disease: a pictorial review based on the 2025 European Respiratory Society/American Thoracic Society Classification.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
23. Pulmonary AL Amyloidosis as a Cause of Interstitial Lung Disease Diagnosed With Transbronchial Lung Biopsy.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
24. Diagnostic Sensitivity of [18F]-Florbetaben-PET/CT in Detecting Cardiac Involvement in AL Amyloidosis: The Prospective MoRBiDA Study.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
25. An Uncommon Cause of Cystic Lung Disease.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
26. Symptomatic diffuse pulmonary meningotheliomatosis with persistent diffusing-capacity impairment.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
27. Primary nodular pulmonary amyloidosis: A case report.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
28. Probable Pleural-Based Pulmonary Tuberculoma Mimicking Lung Malignancy: A Case Report.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
29. Multimodal interventional bronchoscopy for bronchial myelolipoma complicated with airway obstruction: a case report and literature review.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
30. Relapsing polychondritis: tracheobronchial involvement and differential diagnoses.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
31. Tracheobronchial ossification in children: a case report and review of the literature.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
32. A scoping review of photon-counting detector computed tomography in cardiovascular imaging.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
33. High-Resolution CT Findings in Interstitial Lung Disease Associated with Connective Tissue Diseases: Differentiating Patterns for Clinical Practice-A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
34. Diagnosis and Treatment of Adult Patients with Cough.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
35. Morphological Diversity and Diagnostic Evaluation of Thoracic Amyloidosis: Insights From a Tertiary Referral Center in Vietnam.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
36. Localized primary tracheobronchial AL amyloidosis with posterior wall sparing: A case report.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
37. Classic Bronchoscopic Nodularity Sparing the Posterior Wall: A Case of Tracheobronchopathia Osteochondroplastica.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
38. 60-Year-Old Man With Recurrent Hemoptysis, Pulmonary Nodules, and Mediastinal Lymphadenopathy.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
39. Pulmonary plasma cell disorders: histopathology, diagnosis, and clinical perspectives.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
40. Uncommon Causes of Interlobular Septal Thickening on CT Images and Their Distinguishing Features.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
41. Systemic sclerosis associated with silicosis in an agricultural worker: A case of Erasmus syndrome.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
42. Spontaneous Pneumothorax Revealing Pulmonary Alveolar Microlithiasis: A Case Report.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
43. Lymphoid interstitial pneumonia in Sjögren disease: clinical course and comparison with other ILD patterns.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
44. Histologic patterns of chronic interstitial lung diseases in dogs, cats, and humans: a review.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
45. Pulmonary amyloidosis: a case report.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
46. Prevalence of Central Airway Anatomical Variations and Structural Abnormalities Using Virtual Bronchoscopy: A Retrospective Study From a Tertiary Care Center.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
47. CT Anatomy of the Lower Respiratory Tracts of the Testudo graeca.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
48. Retrospective Review Is the Best View: A Primer for Residents and Radiologists on Missed Findings in Chest Radiography.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
49. Pediatric Congenital Tracheobronchial Variants and Their Clinical Significance for Endotracheal Intubation and Airway Management: A Scoping Review of Fetal, Neonatal, and Pediatric Cases.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
50. Anatomical Variations in Critical Structures in Esophageal Surgery: Implications for Personalized Surgery.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
51. Anatomic reference measures for central airway anatomy in Indian adults: implications for precision airway management in surgical patient safety.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
52. Gradually Enlarging Nodular Pulmonary Amyloidosis Associated With Sjögren's Syndrome.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
53. Pulmonary amyloidosis, gastric MALT lymphoma, and multiple sclerosis in a patient with Sjögren's disease: a case report and review of the literature.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
54. Localized Pulmonary Amyloidosis Associated With Sjögren's Syndrome, Coexisting Lymphoid Interstitial Pneumonia, and a Severe Double Aortic Lesion: A Case Report and Literature Review.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
55. Relapsing Polychondritis Mimicking ANCA-Negative Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis: Diagnostic Value of ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
56. Tracheobronchial amyloidosis in a 64-year-old woman with type 2 diabetes mellitus and Sjögren's syndrome: a case report.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
57. Epstein-Barr virus-associated inflammatory polyp of the proximal cervical trachea causing central airway obstruction: a case report.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
58. Pulmonary Amyloidosis Diagnosed by Transbronchial Lung Biopsy: A Three-Case Series With Diverse Radiological Manifestations.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
59. Incidental Lung Lesions on the CT Component of Oncologic FDG PET/CT: A Pictorial Review of Interpretive Pitfalls and Diagnostic Clues.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
60. Pulmonary Tuberculosis Mimicking Metastatic Disease in a Patient With Two Previous Primary Malignancies: A Thoracoscopic Diagnostic Challenge.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
61. Case Report: Synchronous primary lung and thyroid cancers - management informed by multimodal imaging and pathologic correlation.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
62. Silent Renal Autodestruction: Incidental Discovery of End-Stage Genitourinary Tuberculosis (Putty Kidney) 14 Years After Treatment for Pulmonary Tuberculosis With Multisystem Sequelae.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
63. An Asymptomatic 42-Year-Old Woman With Randomly Distributed Semicalcified Pulmonary Nodules.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
64. Focus on Rare Tracheal Pathologies You Should Not Miss.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
65. Unexpected difficult intubation due to tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
66. A rare case of tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
67. Diagnosis and treatment strategies for airway involvement in relapsing polychondritis: a comprehensive review.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
68. Relapsing polychondritis with isolated tracheal involvement: Imaging findings on CT, MRI, and PET-CT: A case report and literature review.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
69. Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia and pseudolymphomatous lymphadenopathy as the first manifestation of primary Sjögren syndrome.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
70. Pulmonary coexistence of immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis and light chain deposition disease: A case report.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
71. Clinical Relevance of Calcifications in Osteosarcoma Lung Metastases: Correlations Among Radiological Patterns, Histological Subtypes, and Chemotherapy Responses.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
72. CT Features of an Extraskeletal Osteosarcoma Associated With a Retained Surgical Sponge in a Dog.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
73. Presence of Antinuclear Antibodies in the Cerebrospinal Fluid and in the Serum in a Patient With Sjögren's Syndrome and Systemic Lupus: A Case Report.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
74. Case Report: Severe bronchiectasis in three kittens with detection of <i>Mycoplasma felis</i>: radiographic and computed tomography findings.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
75. Morphological Analysis of the Flow-Volume Curve for Identifying Fixed Airflow Obstruction: A Scoping Review.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
76. When Tuberculosis Left the Heart in a Cage: Multimodality Imaging Revealing Constrictive Pericarditis in a Young Adult.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
77. Imaging Cardiac Amyloidosis: From Early Diagnosis to Risk Stratification and Evaluation of Treatment Efficacy.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
78. Isolated nasal septal involvement in granulomatosis with polyangiitis: Radiologic features and literature review.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
79. Quantitative Imaging Metrics for the Assessment of Pulmonary Pathophysiology: An Official American Thoracic Society and Fleischner Society Joint Workshop Report.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
80. The lung physiome: merging imaging-based measures with predictive computational models.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
81. Particle transport and deposition: basic physics of particle kinetics.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
82. Stepwise diagnostic algorithm for high-attenuation pulmonary abnormalities on CT.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
83. Tracheal mucosal keratosis: Case discussion and literature review.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
84. Three Cases of Primary Central Airway Tumors of Neurological and Neuroendocrine Origin in Children.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
85. A 29-Year Old Man With an Enlarging Lung Lesion With Calcifications Giving Finger-in-Glove Appearance.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
86. The first CT-based classification system for pulmonary actinomycosis: correlating imaging patterns with therapeutic strategies and prognosis in a highly misdiagnosed disease.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
87. Pulmonary Manifestations in Patients With Hematologic Malignancies: In Pursuit of an Accurate Diagnosis.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
88. Tips and Tricks in Thoracic Radiology for Beginners: A Findings-Based Approach.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
89. A descriptive analysis of 21 patients with pulmonary amyloidosis: An observational study.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
90. Comprehensive Interventional treatment for severe central airway collapse caused by Relapsing Polychondritis: A case report.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
91. Preclinical and human tracheal replacement with aortic grafts: a narrative review.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
92. New insights into imaging of pulmonary metastases from extra-thoracic neoplasms.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
93. ERDHEIM-Chester Disease: Two Fatal Cases With Unusual Presentations.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
94. Association Between Common Variable Immunodeficiency and Pulmonary Amyloidosis: Review.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
95. AWMF S2k Guideline: Diagnosis and Assessment of Lung Disease Caused by Occupational Silica Dust Exposure (Silicosis) - Disease No. 4101 as per Occupational Diseases Ordinance (BKV) Annex 1.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
96. Artificial Intelligence Enabled Lung Sound Auscultation in the Early Diagnosis and Subtyping of Interstitial Lung Disease.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
97. Korean Guidelines for Diagnosis and Management of Interstitial Lung Diseases.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
98. First Whole-Genome Sequencing Analysis of Tracheobronchopathia Osteochondroplastica with Critical Vocal Cord Involvement: Proposing a Novel Pathophysiological Model.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
99. Animal models of benign airway stenosis: Advances in construction techniques, evaluation systems, and perspectives.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
100. Identification of imaging-based pulmonary and extrapulmonary treatable traits in COPD: a review.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
101. CT-Occult Primary Benign Tracheobronchial Neoplasms: A Single-Center 40-Case Clinicopathologic Series.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
102. Tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica: A rare case report.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
103. Submucosal laryngeal lesions: A puzzling diagnostic conundrum.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
104. Case Report: Middle lobe syndrome: a rare presentation in eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
105. CT Findings of Central Airway Lesions Causing Airway Stenosis-Visualization and Quantification: A Pictorial Essay.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
106. Tracheobronchial amyloidosis: an uncommon disease with a common presentation.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
107. CT Findings of Asthma and Asthma-Mimicking Conditions.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
108. Correlation analysis of chest HRCT quantitative parameters, exhaled nitric oxide, and pulmonary function in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
109. Emergency repair of complete right main bronchial transection after blunt chest trauma: a case report.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
110. Precision treatment of COPD based on novel imaging phenotypes: a treatable traits approach.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
111. Pulmonary amyloidosis: clinicopathologic spectrum and diagnostic pitfalls in a 12-patient case series.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
112. Vasculitis syndromes: large vessel vasculitides and ANCA-associated vasculitides from a neuroradiologist's perspective.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
113. Comments and Illustrations of the European Federation of Societies for Ultrasound in Medicine Guidelines: Benign Pleura Lesions (Benign Pleura Thickening, Lesions and Masses)-What Can Be Seen on Transthoracic Ultrasound?pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
114. Recurrent Cryptogenic Ulcerative Tracheobronchitis 6 Years After Lung Transplantation: Case Report.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
115. Central airway pathology: clinic features, CT findings with pathologic and virtual endoscopy correlation.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Eğitim amaçlıdır; hasta başında tanı ve tedavi kararının yerine geçmez, tıbbi tavsiye değildir. Metinler yapay zekâ desteğiyle yazıldı ve otomatik bir adımda kaynak alıntılarıyla karşılaştırıldı; bu bir tıbbi doğrulama değildir ve içerik uzman radyolog incelemesinden geçmedi. Klinik kararlarda güncel kılavuzları, kurum protokollerini ve radyoloji raporunu esas alın.