Serviks kanserinde yayılım değerlendirmesi

Özet

Serviks kanseri biyopsiyle tanınır; görüntüleme, özellikle lokal ileri hastalıkta nodal ve uzak yayılımı ortaya koyarak klinik evrelemeyi tamamlar. Lokal ileri hastalıkta veya erken evre dışındaki durumlarda ekstrapelvik yayılımı değerlendirmek için kontrastlı BT ya da PET-BT önerilir; erken evre T1a–T2a1 (T1b3 hariç) ve US/MRG’de nodları negatif hastalarda cerrahi-patolojik evreleme yapılır. BT, servikal stromayı ve erken parametrial invazyonu ayırmada sınırlıdır; lokal tümör yayılımında pelvik MRG temel yöntemdir. Parametrial veya yan duvar hastalığının ya da üreter obstrüksiyonunun saptanmasında, klinik muayeneyle tespit edilemeyen lokal yayılımı görebilen manyetik rezonans görüntüleme (MRG) kullanılır.

Faz ve pencere

Portal tanısal

Serviks kanserinde manyetik rezonans görüntüleme (MRG) lokal uzanımı; kontrastlı bilgisayarlı tomografi (BT) veya PET-BT ise ekstrapelvik yayılımı değerlendirmek için kullanılır. Serviks kanserinde kontrastlı BT, ekstrapelvik (nodal ve uzak) yayılımın değerlendirilmesinde önerilir; lokal ve parametrial tümör uzanımının değerlendirilmesinde MRG üstündür.

BT bulguları

• Primer tümörün lokal sınırları ve parametrial yayılım pelvik MRG veya transvajinal/transrektal ultrasonla; ekstrapelvik yayılım ise kontrastlı BT ya da PET-BT ile değerlendirilir.
• Parametrial invazyon, geniş görüş alanlı T2 ağırlıklı MRG ile değerlendirilebilir.
• Pelvik yan duvar tutulumu, manyetik rezonans görüntüleme (MRG) ile lokal tümör uzanımı kapsamında değerlendirilir; MRG, klinik muayenede kaçabilecek gizli yayılımı da gösterebilir.
• Mesane veya rektum duvarı tutulumu, manyetik rezonans görüntüleme (MRG) ile infiltrasyon derinliği açısından hassas şekilde değerlendirilir.
• Lokal ileri evre serviks kanserinde üreter tutulumu, hidroureteronefroz gelişsin ya da gelişmesin sık görülen bir bulgudur.
• Şüpheli pelvik veya paraaortik lenf nodlarında kısa eksenin ≥10 mm olması, yuvarlak şekil veya santral nekroz metastazla ilişkili olabilir; görüntüleme küçük hacimli metastazı dışlayamaz.
• Uzak yayılımda akciğer, karaciğer veya kemik metastazları görülebilir; PET-BT tek incelemede tüm vücudu değerlendirebilir.

Ölçütler ve sınıflamalar

Şüpheli lenf nodu: kısa eksen boyutu (yuvarlak şekil, düzensiz kapsül, nekroz ve FDG tutulumuyla birlikte yorumlanır; normal boyut mikrometastazı dışlamaz)

≥10 mm

FIGO 2018 serviks kanseri evrelemesi

FIGO 2018, Evre IB tümörleri boyutlarına göre IB1, IB2 ve IB3 alt evrelerine ayırır. Evre IIB, pelvik yan duvar tutulumu olmaksızın parametrial tutulumu tanımlar. FIGO 2018'de IIIC1 pelvik, IIIC2 paraaortik lenf nodu tutulumu olarak sınıflandırılır. BT, lokal tümör değerlendirmesinde MRG'ye göre daha sınırlıdır; MRG lokal parametrial ve mesane invazyonunun değerlendirilmesinde üstündür.

Normalde

Metastazla ilişkili ölçütleri (kısa eksen 10 mm ve üzeri, yuvarlak şekil, santral nekroz) taşımayan pelvik nodları karşı taraftaki aynı istasyonla kıyaslayarak kaydedin.

Ayırıcı tanı

Naboth kistleri

servikste sıvı yoğunluklu, ince duvarlı kistik odaklar; solid kontrastlanan kitle ve infiltratif sınır oluşturmaz.

Endometrium kaynaklı kanser

miyometrial invazyon sonrası servikal stromaya uzanabilir; bu yayılım MRG ile saptanabilir ve yönetimi değiştirebilir.

Radyasyon sonrası fibrozis

tedavi öyküsü olan hastada pelvik dokularda hacim kaybı ve şerit tarzı yumuşak doku; yeni büyüyen nodüler kitle nüks kuşkusunu artırır.

Tuzaklar

• Parametrial bölgedeki değişiklikler, lokal tümör uzanımını değerlendirmek için MRG ile incelenebilir.
• Mesane veya rektum duvarına infiltrasyon derinliği MRG ile değerlendirilebilir; bu değerlendirme tek başına mukozal tutulumu doğrulamaz.
• Görüntüleme yöntemlerinin duyarlılığı küçük hacimli lenf nodu metastazlarını dışlamak için yetersiz olabilir; nodal boyut ve morfoloji ölçütleri birlikte değerlendirilmelidir.
• Lokal ileri evre serviks kanserinde üreter tutulumu, hidroureteronefroz gelişsin ya da gelişmesin sık görülür.

Kendini dene

1. Paraaortik lenf nodlarının BT değerlendirmesinde metastazla anlamlı ilişkili kısa eksen eşiği hangisidir?

   • <5 mm
   • 5–7 mm
   • 8–9 mm
   • ≥10 mm
   Cevabı göster

   ≥10 mm. Paraaortik lenf nodlarında BT’de kısa eksenin ≥10 mm olması metastazla anlamlı ilişkilidir.

2. Serviks kanserli hastada paraaortik zincirde yuvarlak, santral nekrotik bir lenf nodu saptanıyor. Bu morfoloji hangi olasılığı artırır?

   • Paraaortik metastaz
   • Reaktif lenfadenopati
   • Lenfoma
   • Tüberküloz lenfadeniti
   Cevabı göster

   Paraaortik metastaz. Paraaortik zincirde yuvarlak veya santral nekrotik lenf nodu, serviks kanserinde metastaz olasılığını artırır. Bu morfolojik özellikler metastazla anlamlı biçimde ilişkilidir; lenf nodları birlikte değerlendirilen görüntüleme bulgularına göre yorumlanmalıdır.

İlgili konular

• Endometrium kanserinde yayılım değerlendirmesi
• Postpartum pelvik komplikasyonlar ve normal postpartum görünüm

Kaynaklar

Bu sayfadaki 39 cümle ve 2 quiz sorusu aşağıdaki kaynaklardan alıntılarla otomatik olarak karşılaştırıldı; 30 cümle bu karşılaştırmada düzeltildi (2026-10-09).

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Eğitim amaçlıdır; hasta başında tanı ve tedavi kararının yerine geçmez, tıbbi tavsiye değildir. Metinler yapay zekâ desteğiyle yazıldı ve otomatik bir adımda kaynak alıntılarıyla karşılaştırıldı; bu bir tıbbi doğrulama değildir ve içerik uzman radyolog incelemesinden geçmedi. Klinik kararlarda güncel kılavuzları, kurum protokollerini ve radyoloji raporunu esas alın.