Reaktif ve normal lenf nodu varyantları

Özet

Normal ve reaktif lenf nodları, özellikle kanser evrelemesinde metastazla karıştırılabilen sık BT bulgularıdır. BT'de kısa eksen ölçümü, şekil, hilus, iç atenüasyon, dağılım ve çevre inflamasyon birlikte ele alınır; tek bir boyut ölçütü metastazı dışlamaz veya doğrulamaz. Oval biçim, yağlı hilus ve klinik inflamasyonla uyumlu bölgesel dağılım benign/reaktif yorumu destekler. Nodların yanlış yorumlanması gereksiz ileri incelemeye veya gerçek nodal hastalığın atlanmasına neden olabilir.

Faz ve pencere

Portal tanısal

Lenf nodu değerlendirmesinde boyut ölçütleri değişkenlik gösterir; tanısal doğruluğu artırmak için morfolojik değişikliklere de dikkat edilir.

Kontrastsız

Nodun boyutu ve kaba morfolojisi görülebilir; hilus yağı seçilebilir, ancak damar ve nod ayrımı kontrastlı kesitlerde daha kolay olabilir.

Önerilen pencereler: Batın (G 400 / M 50), Mediasten (G 350 / M 50), Yumuşak doku (G 400 / M 40).

BT bulguları

• Oval veya reniform kontur ve korunmuş merkezi yağlı hilus benign morfoloji lehinedir.
• Lenf nodları kısa eksen çaplarıyla değerlendirilebilir; boyut ölçütleri değişken olduğundan morfolojik özellikler de dikkate alınmalıdır.
• Reaktif nodlar komşu enfeksiyon veya inflamasyon alanını drene eden zincir boyunca benzer biçimde görülebilir.
• Homojen yumuşak doku atenüasyonu ve düzgün sınır benign olabilir; morfoloji tek başına etiyolojiyi kesinleştirmez.
• Yuvarlaklaşma, yağlı hilusun silinmesi, nekroz, düzensiz kenar veya komşu nodlarla konglomerasyon şüpheyi artırır.
• Nodal istasyon, taraf ve dağılım primer tümörün beklenen lenfatik drenajı ile karşılaştırılır.
• Önceki incelemeye göre değişmeme ve inflamasyon gerilerken nodların küçülmesi reaktif süreci destekler.

Normalde

Normal nodlar beklenen zincir boyunca ince oval yumuşak doku yapılarıdır; çevre yağ planı açıktır ve belirgin nekroz ya da kitle etkisi yoktur. Şüpheli nodu aynı istasyondaki komşu nodlarla kısa eksen, hilus görünümü ve şekil açısından kıyasla; batında kısa eksen eşikleri istasyona ve tümör bağlamına göre değiştiğinden tek ölçüme dayanma.

Ayırıcı tanı

Lenfoma

çoklu nodal istasyonlarda homojen nod büyümesi veya konglomeralar ve damarları çevreleyip lümeni daraltmadan sarması görülebilir.

Nodal metastaz

primer tümörün drenaj istasyonunda yuvarlak, nekrotik ya da hilusu silinmiş nodlar ve başka metastazlar eşlik edebilir.

Tüberküloz lenfadeniti

merkezde düşük atenüasyon/nekroz ve çevresel kontrastlanma, eşlik eden enfeksiyon bulgularıyla görülebilir.

Granülomatöz hastalık

hiler ve mediastinal zincirlerde simetrik nod büyümesi ve bazen nod içi kalsifikasyonlar bulunabilir.

Lenf nodu değerlendirmesinde boyut ölçütleri değişken olduğundan, boyutun yanı sıra morfolojik özellikler de dikkate alınmalıdır.

Tuzaklar

• Normal boyutlu nodda mikrometastaz bulunabilir; küçük kısa eksen maligniteyi dışlamaz.
• Büyük nodun reaktif hiperplazi olması mümkündür; akut enfeksiyon alanı, nod şekli ve önceki inceleme birlikte okunmalıdır.
• Yağlı hilusun varlığı, lenf nodu morfolojisinin değerlendirilmesinde dikkate alınan özelliklerden biridir; bu özellik tek başına kesin sınıflandırma sağlamaz.
• Kolon kanserinde kontrastlı BT'de lenf nodu nekrozu, eşzamanlı metastaz için bağımsız bir öngördürücü olarak bildirilmiştir.

Kendini dene

1. BT'de ince bağırsak duvar kalınlaşması ve mezenterik lenfadenopati birlikte görülebilir. En olası yorum?

   • Reaktif lenf nodları
   • Nodal lenfoma
   • Nekrotik nodal metastaz
   • Mezenterik karsinomatozis
   Cevabı göster

   Reaktif lenf nodları. Bağırsak duvar kalınlaşması ile komşu mezenterik zincirdeki nodların birlikte izlenmesi, lokal inflamasyona sekonder reaktif noduli olasılığını artırır. Bağırsak duvarı kalınlaşması ile mezenterik lenfadenopati birlikte görülebilir; bu birliktelik tek başına nodların reaktif olduğunu kanıtlamaz ve bulgular klinik ve anatomik bağlamla birlikte değerlendirilmelidir.

2. Kolon kanserinde kontrastlı BT'de lenf nodu nekrozu izleniyor. En olası tanı?

   • Nekrotik nodal metastaz
   • Normal hiluslu nod
   • Akut reaktif nod
   • Damar kesiti
   Cevabı göster

   Nekrotik nodal metastaz. Kolon kanserinde BT'de lenf nodu nekrozu eşzamanlı metastaz için bağımsız bir öngördürücü olarak bildirilmiştir. Benign veya reaktif nodlarda yüksek yağ içeriği veya homojen yapı beklenirken, metastazda hilüs kaybı ve heterojenite öne çıkar; yapıyı damardan ayırmak için ardışık kesitler takip edilir.

Bu konunun yer aldığı turlar

• Onkolojik BT: evreleme ve yanıt değerlendirmesi

Kaynaklar

Bu sayfadaki 37 cümle ve 2 quiz sorusu aşağıdaki kaynaklardan alıntılarla tek tek karşılaştırıldı; 12 cümle bu karşılaştırmada düzeltildi (2026-10-08).

1. Nasopharyngeal classical Hodgkin lymphoma: a case reportpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
2. Definitive Radiotherapy for Unresectable Unicentric Mediastinal Castleman Disease: A Case Reportpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
3. Simultaneous DOTATATE uptake in three non-neuroendocrine pathologies: Follicular lymphoma, Crohn’s disease, and vertebral hemangiomapmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
4. Sweet syndrome with reactive lymphadenopathy mimicking metastatic disease in an SDHB -mutated abdominal paragangliomapmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
5. Atypical Presentation of Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma as Superior Vena Cava Syndrome With Paraneoplastic Eosinophilia and Rash: A Case Reportpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
6. ALK+ Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma With Bladder Involvement Presenting as Fever of Unknown Origin: A Case Report and Literature Review.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
7. Late recurrent gastric carcinoma 12 years after surgery with attenuation of CD44 variant 9 expression.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
8. End-to-End PET/CT Interpretation and Quantification with an LLM-Orchestrated AI Agent: A Real-World Pilot Study.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
9. Malignant lymph nodes of the head and neck: imaging pearls, pitfalls, and practical approach to reporting in the era of extranodal extension.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
10. A Weighted Neural Network Model Based on Laboratory Tests for Identifying Lymph Node Metastases in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinomas.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
11. Diagnostic Potential of Apparent Diffusion Coefficient-Based Lymph Node Classification in Breast Cancer Patients Undergoing [¹⁸F]FDG-PET/MRI.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
12. Limited Sensitivity of Ultrasound-Guided Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytology for Occult Nodal Metastases in Early-Stage Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
13. AWMF S2k Guideline: Diagnosis and Assessment of Lung Disease Caused by Occupational Silica Dust Exposure (Silicosis) - Disease No. 4101 as per Occupational Diseases Ordinance (BKV) Annex 1.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
14. Imaging findings and classification of the common and uncommon male breast diseases.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
15. Measurement of apparent diffusion coefficient in discrimination of benign and malignant axillary lymph nodes.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
16. Tattoos causing local and even generalized lymphadenopathies including sarcoidosis.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
17. The Role of ¹²³I in the Management of Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: A Comprehensive Narrative Review.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
18. Incidentally detected breast lesions: a pictorial essay of malignant and benign findings.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
19. International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria (INHAND): Non-proliferative and Proliferative Lesions of the Non-human Primate ( M. fascicularis ).pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
20. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. CX. Classification of Receptors for 5-hydroxytryptamine; Pharmacology and Function.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
21. Total laparoscopic radical hysterectomy for cervical cancer in prolapsed uterus.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
22. Endobronchial Ultrasonography Features in Tuberculous Mediastinal Lymphadenopathy.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
23. Dual-Energy CT Material Decomposition: The Value in the Detection of Lymph Node Metastasis from Breast Cancer.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
24. Multiparametric MRI Assessment of Cervical Lymphadenopathy: Combined Diagnostic Performance of Morphological Features and Apparent Diffusion Coefficient.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
25. Differentiating pulmonary sarcoidosis from mediastinal lymph node metastasis via conventional computed tomography features and quantitative imaging parameters: a retrospective study.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
26. Preoperative prediction and localization of synchronous metastases in colon cancer: the role of CECT combined with clinical characteristics.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
27. Dendritic Cell Organization and Function in Innate and Adaptive Immune Defense Within Lymph Nodes.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
28. Migration of immune cells in tumors and inflammation: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
29. Central nervous system lymphatic network: from the maintenance of brain homeostasis to emerging therapeutic perspectives in neurodegenerative diseases.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
30. Adenocarcinoma Developing Overlying a Colonic Lipoma: A Case Report.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
31. Triple-Phase Computed Tomography for Differentiating Canine Cutaneous and Subcutaneous Mast Cell Tumors From Benign Lesions: A Size-Based Evaluation.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
32. Pararectal aggressive angiomyxoma with bilateral ovarian endometriomas cysts: a rare case report.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
33. Evaluation of Metastatic Lymph Nodes in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Comparative Study of Clinical, FNAC, Ultra Sonography and Computed Tomography with Post Operative Histopathology.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
34. Patterns of injury and violence in Yaoundé Cameroon: an analysis of hospital data.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
35. Anatomical lymphatic drainage basin and sentinel lymph node positivity in Merkel cell carcinoma: a 37-year single-center cohort study of 400 patients.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
36. Protocol digest of a randomized controlled trial comparing transverse colectomy with extended right hemicolectomy for Stage II/III transverse colon cancer: JCOG2304 (TACTICS).pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
37. Uniportal Robotic-Assisted Versus Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery for Anatomical Lung Resection in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Comparative Single-Center Cohort Study.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
38. Dynamic nomogram for predicting axillary lymph node metastasis in breast cancer based on MRI analysis and the platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR).pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
39. Limited effectiveness of radioiodine therapy for residual cervical lymph node metastases in radioiodine-naïve papillary thyroid cancer.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
40. MRI-Based Structured Assessment of Treatment Response in Rectal Cancer After Total Neoadjuvant Therapy: Correlation With Surgical and Pathological Outcomes.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
41. Lymph Node Assessment with Multiparametric Ultrasound: Normal Values, Morphologic Patterns, and Diagnostic Algorithms.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
42. Imaging features of lacrimal gland disease.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
43. Imaging of the Reconstructed Breast.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
44. MRI characteristics of cervical radioiodine-avid lymph nodes detected on post-therapeutic ¹³¹I whole-body scintigraphy in differentiated thyroid carcinoma.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
45. Pre-treatment and post-treatment nasopharyngeal carcinoma imaging: imaging updates, pearls and pitfalls.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
46. Rosai-Dorfman Disease in a Pediatric Patient: Imaging Findings and Pathology with a brief review of the Literature.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
47. Role of advanced magnetic resonance imaging in the assessment of malignancies of the mediastinum.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
48. Lymphadenopathy in Concurrent Head and Neck Malignancies.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
49. Comprehensive management of submandibular salivary duct carcinoma with unilateral axillary lymph node metastasis: a case report.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
50. Perforated acute appendicitis on computed tomography revealing underlying tuberculosis.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
51. A Rare Clinical Presentation of Multifocal Tuberculous Osteomyelitis of the Right Parietal and Left Calcaneal Bones in an 11-Year-Old Male: A Case Report.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
52. Application of conventional and contrast-enhanced ultrasound in diagnosing cervical tuberculous lymphadenitis.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
53. Wolf in Sheep's Clothing: A Case of Sarcoidosis Exacerbating Asthma.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
54. CT Imaging Features of Pulmonary Sarcoidosis: Typical and Atypical Radiological Features and Their Differential Diagnosis.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
55. Breaking Symmetry: Unilateral Sarcoidosis Presenting as a Diagnostic Challenge.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
56. Alveolar echinococcosis.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
57. Congenital pulmonary airway malformation mimicking lung cancer in adults: a pitfall in oncologic diagnosis.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
58. The role of ultrasound in diagnosing 2mm medullary thyroid carcinoma with cervical lymph node metastasis: a case report.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
59. Can we now save the neck of OSCC T1-T2 patients? A narrative review of whether experimental techniques are on the way to clinical application.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
60. Value of RASSF1A and SHOX2 methylation detection in intraoperative pleural lavage fluid for potential microdissemination and prognosis evaluation in non-small cell lung cancer.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
61. Advances in NIR-II Fluorescence Laparoscopy for Precision Diagnosis and Theranostics of Urological Oncology.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
62. Spontaneous Hepatobiliary Disease in a Breeding Colony of Aotus spp.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
63. Corticosteroid-responsive portal lymphadenopathy mimicking malignant progression induced by furmonertinib in EGFR-mutated NSCLC: a case report.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
64. Aggressive B-cell Lymphoma Masquerading as Benign Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)-Related Splenomegaly: An Analysis of Diagnostic Anchoring Bias.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
65. Computed tomography of pediatric abdominal trauma: optimizing utilization and enhancing diagnostic interpretation.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
66. CT and MR in peritoneal malignancies: pearls and pitfalls at preoperative examination.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
67. The significance of small lymph nodes on CT for advanced poorly cohesive gastric carcinoma.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
68. Preoperative prediction value of 2.5D deep learning model based on contrast-enhanced CT for lymphovascular invasion of gastric cancer.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
69. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging characteristics of renal cell carcinoma: Differences between subtypes and clinical evaluation.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
70. Human biomarker navigator.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
71. Intestinal Lymphangioma With Extensive Secondary Lymphangiectasia Causing Life-Threatening Hemorrhage: First Case Requiring Small Bowel Transplantation.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
72. A multidisciplinary FEVAR and stent graft repair to exclude mycotic aneurysms by interventional radiology and vascular surgery: Case report.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
73. Operative management for refractory chyle leakage after pancreatectomy: A case report and literature review.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
74. Analysis of MRI features correlated with TNM staging in thymic epithelial tumors.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
75. MRI to guide clinical management of rectal cancer: updated consensus recommendations from the European Society of Gastrointestinal and Abdominal Radiology (ESGAR)-PART I primary staging.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
76. High-affinity alphavbeta3 integrin targeted optical probe as a new imaging biomarker for early atherosclerosis: initial studies in Watanabe rabbits.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
77. Pathology of the carotid space.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
78. Ectopic β-hCG-Expressing Hepatic Neoplasm with Cutaneous Metastasis in a Young Postpartum Woman: A Case Report and Literature Review.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
79. Fundamentals of diagnostic ultrasonography in sheep and goat medicine: a comprehensive illustrated overview.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
80. Cholangiocarcinoma.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
81. Presumptive Ewing Sarcoma of the Jejunum Presenting with Metastatic Disease: A Case Report and Focused Narrative Review.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
82. When "Metastatic Disease" Is Not Metastatic: Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma Presenting With a Perisplenic Mass, Pulmonary Masses, Pleural Effusion, and Retroperitoneal Lymphadenopathy.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
83. When Histology Is Unknown: Surgical Decision-Making in Small Bowel Tumors-From Preoperative Imaging to Intraoperative Findings: A Narrative Review.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
84. Comprehensive Computed Tomography Evaluation of Gastric Cancer: 2026 Consensus Recommendation From the Korean Society of Abdominal Radiology.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
85. Perforated Gastric Cancer: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Surgical Management Strategies.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
86. Case Report: Spectral CT characterization of giant esophageal schwannoma with reactive lymphoid hyperplasia mimicking lymphoproliferative disease.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
87. Case Report: Tumor-related hemorrhage determined treatment sequencing in blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm coexisting with gastric cardia adenocarcinoma.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
88. Sentinel lymph node biopsy in melanoma: pathologic evaluation and diagnostic considerations.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
89. Characterization of triple-negative breast cancer preclinical models provides functional evidence of metastatic progression.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
90. Anatomic, computed tomographic, and ultrasonographic assessment of the lymph nodes in presumed healthy adult cats: the abdomen, pelvis, and hindlimb.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
91. Case Report: Fibromatosis-like metaplastic breast cancer: a case with detection of three genetic alterations, accompanied by local recurrence, lymph node metastasis, and distant metastasis.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
92. Simultaneous DOTATATE uptake in three non-neuroendocrine pathologies: Follicular lymphoma, Crohn's disease, and vertebral hemangioma.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
93. Case Report: Activated phosphoinositide 3-kinase δ syndrome mimicking Hyper-IgM syndrome: early hepatosplenomegaly as a key diagnostic clue.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
94. Costal synostosis mimicking supraclavicular lymphadenopathy in a breast cancer patient: A diagnostic pitfall.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
95. Intravascular Pulmonary Artery Tumour Mimicking Nodal Recurrence and Inadvertently Sampled by EBUS-TBNA: A Case Report.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
96. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia presenting as myocardial infiltration mimicking hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a case report.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
97. Comparative pathophysiology and management of protein-losing enteropathy.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
98. Invited review: Recommendations for reporting intervention studies on reproductive performance in dairy cattle: Improving design, analysis, and interpretation of research on reproduction.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
99. Thymus and aging: morphological, radiological, and functional overview.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
100. CDK4/6 inhibition with dual immunotherapy in chemorefractory SMARCA4-deficient undifferentiated tumor: a case report.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
101. From CT to Microscopy: Radiological-Histopathological Correlation for Understanding Abdominal Lymphomas.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
102. Radiomics analysis of multiphase contrast-enhanced CT imaging for differentiating primary gastric lymphoma and Borrmann type IV gastric cancer.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
103. Research progress on the application of dual energy CT in gastric diseases.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
104. Combined multidetector computed tomography and gastrointestinal endoscopy for gastric cancer screening, preoperative staging, and lymph node metastasis detection.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
105. Pancreaticoduodenectomy for Ampullary Carcinoma after Clinical Resolution of Necrotizing Pancreatitis with Giant Walled-Off Necrosis: A Case Report.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
106. Popliteal fossa metastasis from rectal carcinoma in a young adult: A rare case report.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
107. The Gastric Vein Variants: An Evidence-Based Systematic Review of Prevalence and Clinical Considerations.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
108. Mediastinal lesions in children.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
109. Suspected Donor-Site Implantation of Floor of Mouth Squamous Cell Carcinoma After Free Flap Reconstruction: A Case Report.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
110. Case Report: AFP-producing gastric hepatoid adenocarcinoma with multiple liver metastases - integrating quantitative imaging and diagnostic decision analysis.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
111. Seeing Angiogenesis: Multiparametric Ultrasound as a Non-Invasive Window into the Vascularization Status of Cervical Lymph Nodes in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
112. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma with inguinal lymph node metastasis: A case report.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
113. Correlation of the Diagnostic Accuracy of Dual Energy Computed Tomography and Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography in Mediastinal Lymph Node Staging in Lung Cancer: A Systematic Review.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
114. Diagnostic performance of whole-body diffusion-weighted imaging for staging esophageal cancer: a comparative study with PET-CT.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
115. Childhood lymphadenopathy: ultrasonographic predictors of malignancy in a retrospective cohort of 500 patients.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Eğitim amaçlıdır; hasta başında tanı ve tedavi kararının yerine geçmez. İçerik yapay zekâ destekli bir süreçle güncel literatüre göre cümle cümle kaynaklarla karşılaştırıldı, ancak uzman radyolog incelemesinden geçmedi. Klinik kararlarda güncel kılavuzları, kurum protokollerini ve radyoloji raporunu esas alın.