Lenfoid interstisyel pnömoni

Özet

Lenfoid interstisyel pnömoni (LİP), akciğer interstisyumunda lenfositik proliferasyonla seyreden nadir bir interstisyel akciğer hastalığıdır ve Sjögren sendromu gibi bağ dokusu hastalıklarıyla ilişkilidir. HRCT'de çoğunlukla alt loblarda peribronkovasküler kistler; buzlu cam opasiteleri, sentrilobüler ve subplevral nodüller ile bronkovasküler demet kalınlaşması görülebilir. Kistik örüntü LİP'yi düşündürür ancak lenfoma, amiloidoz ve diğer kistik akciğer hastalıkları dışlanmadan tanı koydurmaz. Kistlerin duvar özellikleri ve eşlik eden nodüller dikkatle incelenmezse lenfoproliferatif süreç veya eşlik eden amiloid birikimi gözden kaçabilir.

Faz ve pencere

Kontrastsız tanısal

İnspiratuvar ince kesit BT'de alt zon ağırlıklı, sıklıkla perivasküler yerleşimli ince duvarlı kistler; eşlik eden bilateral buzlu cam, belirsiz sentrilobüler/subplevral nodüller ve bronkovasküler demet kalınlaşması aranır. LİP değerlendirmesinde HRCT, 0.5–1.5 mm ince kesit kalınlığı ve yüksek uzamsal frekanslı rekonstrüksiyon algoritmalarıyla tam inspiryumda elde edilmelidir; küçük hava yolu hastalığında hava tutulmasını araştırmak için ekspiryum fazı önerilebilir.

Önerilen pencereler: Akciğer (G 1500 / M -600), Mediasten (G 350 / M 50).

BT bulguları

• İnce duvarlı pulmoner kistler — çoğunlukla alt loblarda ve pulmoner damar çevresinde kümelenebilir; sayıları ve dağılımı değişkendir.
• Bilateral buzlu cam — yamalı veya yaygın interstisyel/alveoler yoğunluk artışı; damarlar çoğunlukla opasite içinde izlenebilir.
• Belirsiz sentrilobüler nodüller — bronşiol merkezli bulanık odaklar buzlu camla birlikte görülebilir.
• Subplevral nodüller — perilenfatik ya da perifissüral dağılım gösterebilir; baskın veya büyüyen nodül ek değerlendirme gerektirir.
• Bronkovasküler demet kalınlaşması — damar ve bronş boyunca interstisyel infiltrasyon izlenir.
• İnce retikülasyon ve interlobüler septal belirginleşme — buzlu camla birlikte bulunabilir; tek başına LİP'ye özgü değildir.
• Kist duvarında nodüler kalınlaşma veya komşu yumuşak doku nodülü — LİP dışında amiloidoz ya da lenfoma birlikteliği açısından dikkat çekici olabilir.
• LİP’de HRCT’de peribronşiyal kistler çoğunlukla alt loblarda görülür.

Ölçütler ve sınıflamalar

ATS/ERS 2025 interstisyel pnömoni sınıflaması

LİP, interstisyel morfolojik örüntüler arasındadır. Sınıflama, ikincil LİP’yi (ör. bağ dokusu hastalığı veya immün yetmezlik ilişkili) idiyopatik LİP’den ayırır; idiyopatik tanıdan önce tanımlanabilir ikincil nedenler dışlanmalıdır.

Normalde

Akciğer grafisi LİP’de normal olabilir; HRCT’de ise buzlu cam opasiteleri, sentrilobüler ve subplevral nodüller, bronkovasküler demet kalınlaşması ve özellikle alt loblarda peribronkovasküler kistler görülebilir.

Ayırıcı tanı

Lenfanjiyoleyomiyomatozis

kistler akciğer boyunca yaygın ve eşit dağılabilir; LİP'de kistler çoğunlukla alt loblarda peribronkovasküler yerleşimlidir.

Birt-Hogg-Dubé sendromu

ince duvarlı kistler tipik olarak bazal, subplevral ve paramediastinal dağılım gösterir.

Pulmoner amiloidoz

kistlerle birlikte kalsifiye olabilen duvar nodülleri veya parankimal nodüller görülebilir; LİP ile birlikte de bulunabileceğinden ayrı dışlanmalıdır.

Foliküler bronşiolit, LİP ve nodüler lenfoid hiperplaziyle birlikte, bronş mukozasıyla ilişkili lenfoid dokunun (MALT) antijenik uyarımına bağlı reaktif lenfoproliferatif spektrumun üç ana öğesinden biridir.

Pneumocystis jirovecii pnömonisinde buzlu cam opasiteleri görülebilir; bu bulgu LİP'ye özgü değildir.

LİP izleminde 11 mm'den büyük veya boyutu iki katına çıkan nodüller, plevral efüzyon ve alveoler konsolidasyon eşlik eden lenfoma şüphesini artırabilir.

Tuzaklar

• Her ince duvarlı akciğer kistini LİP saymayın; kistlerin yaygınlığı, şekli, zon dağılımı ve eşlik eden nodül/buzlu cam örüntüsü ayırıcıdır.
• Her hava içeren luzensiyi kist saymayın; kist, duvarı 2 mm veya daha ince, iyi sınırlı ve hava içeren bir yapıdır; HRCT'de amfizem, büller, kavite, pnömatosel, kistik bronşiektazi ve bal peteği görünümü gibi taklitçilerden ayırt edilmelidir.
• Kist duvarındaki nodüler kalınlaşmayı önemsiz saymayın; amiloidoz veya lenfoma birlikteliği olasılığını gündeme getirir.
• LİP'nin Sjögren ile ilişkisini tanı için zorunlu kabul etmeyin; otoimmün bağlam yokluğunda da görüntüleme tek başına kesin tanı sağlamaz.

Kendini dene

1. Sjögren sendromlu bir hastada alt loblarda damar çevresinde kistler; ayrıca buzlu cam opasiteleri ve belirsiz nodüller görülüyor. En uyumlu tanı hangisidir?

   • Lenfoid interstisyel pnömoni
   • Lenfanjiyoleyomiyomatozis
   • Birt-Hogg-Dubé sendromu
   • Pulmoner Langerhans hücreli histiyositoz
   Cevabı göster

   Lenfoid interstisyel pnömoni. Sjögren sendromu LİP ile ilişkili olabilir; alt loblarda peribronkovasküler kistlere buzlu cam opasiteleri ve sentrilobüler ya da subplevral nodüller eşlik edebilir. Bu HRCT bulgularının dağılımı, LİP dâhil farklı kistik akciğer hastalıklarının ayırıcı tanısına yardımcı olabilir.

2. Sjögren sendromlu bir hastada akciğer kistlerine kalsifiye nodüller eşlik ediyor. Hangi tanı bu görüntüleme birlikteliğiyle uyumludur?

   • Pulmoner amiloidoz
   • Kardiyojenik ödem
   • Deskuamatif interstisyel pnömoni
   • Respiratuvar bronşiolit
   Cevabı göster

   Pulmoner amiloidoz. Akciğer kistlerine eşlik eden kalsifiye nodüller, Sjögren sendromunda görülebilen nodüler pulmoner amiloidoz olasılığını düşündürür ve ayırıcı tanıyı daraltmaya yardımcı olabilir.

Kaynaklar

Bu sayfadaki 41 cümle ve 2 quiz sorusu aşağıdaki kaynaklardan alıntılarla otomatik olarak karşılaştırıldı; 20 cümle bu karşılaştırmada düzeltildi (2026-10-09).

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Eğitim amaçlıdır; hasta başında tanı ve tedavi kararının yerine geçmez, tıbbi tavsiye değildir. Metinler yapay zekâ desteğiyle yazıldı ve otomatik bir adımda kaynak alıntılarıyla karşılaştırıldı; bu bir tıbbi doğrulama değildir ve içerik uzman radyolog incelemesinden geçmedi. Klinik kararlarda güncel kılavuzları, kurum protokollerini ve radyoloji raporunu esas alın.