Distal klavikula kırığı

Özet

Omuz üzerine düşme sonrası klavikulanın akromiyona yakın ucunda oluşan kırıkta temel anatomik soru, kırık hattının korakoklaviküler bağların tutunma alanlarına göre nerede olduğudur. Kontrastsız BT, eklem yüzüne uzanımı, küçük alt fragmanı ve parçalanmayı radyografiden daha iyi gösterir. Korakoklaviküler bağ ilişkisi deplasman paternini ve kırığın stabilite sınıflamasını belirler. AC ekleme uzanan ya da bağ tutunma parçasını ayıran kırık fark edilmezse omuz kuşağındaki yapısal hasar eksik raporlanabilir.

Faz ve pencere

Kontrastsız tanısal

Distal klavikulanın kortikal kesintisi, kırık çizgisinin AC eklem yüzüne uzanımı, korakoid tabanına göre fragman konumu ve alt kortikal parçanın ana fragmandan ayrılması izlenir. Distal klavikula kırığının kemik yapısını değerlendirmek için BT kullanılabilir.

Kemik algoritması tanısal

Koronal ve sagittal ince kesit rekonstrüksiyonları kırık hattını konoid ve trapezoid bağların klavikuladaki tutunma bölgelerine göre konumlandırır; 3B görünüm parçalı distal fragmanı tarif etmeye yardım eder.

Önerilen pencereler: Kemik (G 1800 / M 400), Yumuşak doku (G 400 / M 40).

BT bulguları

• Kırık hattı ve AC eklem — çizginin eklem yüzüne ulaşıp ulaşmadığı ve eklem yüzünde basamak oluşturup oluşturmadığı gösterilir.
• Korakoklaviküler tutunma ilişkisi — kırık hattının konoid ve trapezoid bağ tutunma alanlarının medialinde, arasında veya lateralinde kalması tarif edilir.
• Distal fragman deplasmanı — akromiyona bağlı küçük lateral parçanın ana klavikula parçasına göre seviyesi ve yönü belirlenir.
• Alt kortikal fragman — korakoklaviküler bağların tutunduğu küçük inferior parça ana fragmandan ayrılmış olabilir.
• Parçalanma — distal metafiz ve eklem yüzüne yakın ek fragmanlar, eklem uyumunu bozabilecek biçimde sıralanabilir.
• Komşu kemik hasarı — korakoid, akromion ve skapula boynunda ayrı kortikal kırık çizgileri aranır.
• AC eklem aralığı ve korakoklaviküler mesafe, karşı omuzdaki ölçümlerle kıyaslanabilir.

Ölçütler ve sınıflamalar

Neer (Craig modifikasyonu) distal klavikula sınıflaması

Tip I: korakoklaviküler bağların lateralinde, az deplase ve AC ekleme uzanmaz. Tip II: bağ tutunmalarının medialindedir; IIa kırık konoid bağın medialinde, IIb kırık konoid ve trapezoid tutunmaları arasında olup konoid bağ yırtığı vardır. Tip III: tip I gibi lateraldedir ancak AC eklem yüzüne uzanır. Tip IV çocukta periostal kılıf ayrılması ve medial fragmanın yukarı yer değiştirmesidir. Tip V parçalı paternde bağlara tutunan küçük inferior fragman içerir.

Normalde

Normal karşı omuzun AC eklem aralığı ve korakoklaviküler mesafesi, yaralı tarafla karşılaştırmada referans alınabilir. Karşı AC eklemde eklem yüzü basamağını, distal fragman seviyesini ve korakoid-akromion bütünlüğünü kıyaslayın.

Ayırıcı tanı

AC eklem ayrışması

klavikula korteksi süreklidir; anormallik eklem uyumunda ve korakoklaviküler aralıkta görülür.

Akromion kırığı

kırık hattı klavikula yerine akromion korteksini keser.

Korakoid kırığı

korakoid tabanı veya gövdesinde bağımsız kortikal süreksizlik bulunur.

Distal klavikula osteolizi

eklem yanındaki düzgün olmayan rezorpsiyon belirgin keskin travmatik kırık hattı ve akut fragman basamağı oluşturmaz.

Çocukta distal klavikula epifiz/ periost yaralanması

kemikleşmemiş epifiz ayrışması ve periostal kılıf ilişkisi erişkin tipi kırık görünümünü taklit edebilir.

Tuzaklar

• Küçük inferior fragmanı önemsiz kortikal parça sayma; korakoklaviküler bağ tutunmasının fragmanla birlikte kalıp kalmadığını anatomik konumla belirt.
• AC eklem açıklığını tek başına kırık deplasmanı sanma; eklem aralığını karşı tarafla kıyasla ve klavikula korteksini izleyerek eklem çıkığını ayır.
• Çocukta açık/kemikleşmemiş distal epifizi kırık hattı gibi yorumlama; periostal kılıfın ve metafiz konturunun devamlılığına bak.

Kendini dene

1. Üç boyutlu haritalandırma çalışmasında en sık saptanan distal klavikula kırık tipi hangisidir?

   • Neer I
   • Neer IIA
   • Neer IIB
   • Neer III
   Cevabı göster

   Neer IIB. S18'e göre çalışma kohortunda Neer IIB tipi kırıklar %38.27 ile en sık görülen tiptir.

2. Klavikula kanca plakı (hook plate) uygulanan hastalarda altakromial osteoliz gelişim riskini belirgin şekilde artıran en önemli faktör hangisidir?

   • Plak tutulum süresinin 5.3 aydan uzun olması
   • Hastanın yaşının 60'tan büyük olması
   • Ameliyat öncesi korakoklaviküler mesafenin artması
   • Neer Tip I kırık tipi
   Cevabı göster

   Plak tutulum süresinin 5.3 aydan uzun olması. Literatür, kanca plakı tutulum süresinin 5.3 aydan uzun kalmasının altakromial osteoliz riskini belirgin şekilde artırdığını göstermektedir.

İlgili konular

• Korakoid çıkıntı kırığı

Kaynaklar

Bu sayfadaki 39 cümle ve 2 quiz sorusu aşağıdaki kaynaklardan alıntılarla tek tek karşılaştırıldı; 3 cümle bu karşılaştırmada düzeltildi (2026-10-08).

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Eğitim amaçlıdır; hasta başında tanı ve tedavi kararının yerine geçmez. İçerik yapay zekâ destekli bir süreçle güncel literatüre göre cümle cümle kaynaklarla karşılaştırıldı, ancak uzman radyolog incelemesinden geçmedi. Klinik kararlarda güncel kılavuzları, kurum protokollerini ve radyoloji raporunu esas alın.