Kontrast fazları ve zamanlama BT bulguları

Özet

İyotlu kontrastın damar içi ve doku dağılımı enjeksiyondan sonra zamanla değişir; aynı lezyon arteriyel, portal venöz ve gecikmiş serilerde farklı görünebilir. Doğru faz, klinik soruya göre seçilir: arter ve hipervasküler lezyonlar erken, parankim ve portal ven sistemi portal venöz edinimde öne çıkar. Kontrastsız seri başlangıç atenüasyonunu sağlar ve iyot tutulumu ile kanama ya da kalsifikasyonun ayrılmasına yardım eder. Uygun olmayan zamanlama aktif kanamayı, damar tıkanıklığını veya lezyonun gerçek kontrastlanma örüntüsünü gizleyebilir.

Faz ve pencere

Kontrastsız tanısal: Kontrastsız BT, vasküler yapılarla kıyaslandığında kalsifikasyon gibi yüksek atenüasyonlu bulguların ayırt edilmesinde temel referans sağlar.
Arteriyel tanısal: Aorta ve dalları lümen içi iyotla belirginleşir; geç arteriyel edinimde karaciğer arterleri ve hipervasküler odaklar öne çıkarken portal ven ve parankim kontrastı henüz portal evreye göre daha az olabilir.
Portal tanısal: Portal ven ve dalları kontrastlanır, karaciğer parankim atenüasyonu artar ve dalak ile pankreas değerlendirmesi kolaylaşır; hipovasküler odaklar çevre parankime göre daha düşük atenüasyonlu görünebilir.
Gecikmiş tanısal: Seçilmiş klinik durumlarda ekstrasellüler aralıktaki iyodun doku dağılımı, fibrotik dokuda kalıcılık, kontrast yıkaması (washout) veya üriner sisteme atılım izlenir; fazın zamanı ve tanısal anlamı endikasyona göre belirlenir.

Önerilen pencereler: Anjiyo (G 600 / M 150), Karaciğer (G 150 / M 30), Batın (G 400 / M 50), Mediasten (G 350 / M 50).

BT bulguları

Kontrastsız seri, lezyon ve komşu parankimin iyot verilmeden önceki HU düzeyini sabit karşılaştırma noktası olarak kaydeder.
Arteriyel fazda aorta ve hepatik arter dalları parlak lümen olarak seçilir; portal venöz dolum derecesi arteriyel zamanlamanın erken ya da geç olduğuna dair bağlam sağlar.
Portal venöz fazda ana portal ven, sağ-sol dalları ve karaciğer parankimi belirgin kontrastlanır; karaciğer metastazı gibi hipovasküler odaklar görece koyu kalabilir.
Gecikmiş seri, kontrastın damar dışı ekstrasellüler aralığa yayılması ve üriner atılımını gösterir; washout değerlendirmesi ancak uygun başlangıç ve sonraki fazlarla yapılır.
Bolus tracking, seçilmiş damardaki atenüasyon yükselişini izleyip tarama başlangıcını hastaya özgü bolus geçişine uyarlar.
Tek fazlı incelemeler arteriyel, portal venöz ve gecikmiş fazları aynı anda yansıtmaz; raporda faz adını varsaymak yerine damar ve parankim kontrastlanma örüntüsünü tanımlayınız.

Ölçütler ve sınıflamalar

Portal venöz edinim için örnek sabit gecikme: 55–65 saniye
Fokal karaciğer lezyonu incelemesinde portal venöz edinim için tipik aralık: 60–75 saniye
Ekstrasellüler kontrastlı karaciğer BT'sinde örnek gecikmiş faz: 2–5 dakika

Normalde

Normal portal venöz karaciğer BT'sinde portal ven ve dalları lümen boyunca kontrastlanır, karaciğer parankimi homojen görünür ve hepatik venler sistemik dolaşıma boşalırken seçilir. Aynı hilus düzeyinde arteriyel görüntüyle kıyaslayıp önce aort/hepatik arter dolumunu, sonra portal ven/parankim dolumunu izleyin; fazların kesin saniyesi enjeksiyon, dolaşım ve tarayıcıya göre değişebilir.

Normal BT ile kıyasla

Aynı bölgenin, kaynak veri setinde patoloji içermediği belirtilen bir BT incelemesini kesit kesit kaydırın; organ sınırlarını açarak anatomiyi hasta görüntüsüyle karşılaştırın. Küçük rastlantısal bulgular tümüyle dışlanmamıştır.

Kaynak: TotalSegmentator v2.01 veri seti (Wasserthal ve ark., Radiology: Artificial Intelligence 2023), CC BY 4.0, vaka s0541; organ sınırları veri setinin otomatik segmentasyonundan, birleştirilerek sadeleştirildi. Görüntüler 2,5 mm kesit aralığına yeniden örneklendi.

Ayırıcı tanı

Arteriyel faz: aorta ve hepatik arter parlaktır; erken portal venöz kontrastlanma daha sınırlıdır.
Portal venöz fazda normal parankim ve portal ven dalları belirgin kontrastlanır; hipovasküler lezyonlar bu faza görece hipoenkearte görünür.
Gecikmiş ve üriner fazlarda iyotlu kontrastın doku aralıklarındaki kalıcılığı ve atılım miktarı değişkenlik gösterir; bu fazların tanısal değeri klinik endikasyona göre değerlendirilir.
Kontrastsız faz: damar içi iyot olmadan pıhtı, kalsiyum ve başlangıç HU'su değerlendirilir.

Tuzaklar

Sabit saniye değerini her hastaya ve her protokole taşımayın; kalp debisi, enjeksiyon hızı, kontrast hacmi ve tarayıcı kapsama süresi faz görünümünü değiştirir.
Portal venöz faz zamanlamasını değerlendirirken portal ven ile aortanın kontrastlanmasını birlikte inceleyin.
Karaciğerde geçici heterojen perfüzyon farkını kitle sanmayın; odakların fazlar arasındaki şeklini, damar dağılımını ve sonraki serilerde kalıcılığını karşılaştırınız.
Kontrastsız ve kontrastlı ölçümleri farklı kesit kalınlığı veya farklı lezyon düzeyinden almak yalancı HU değişimi oluşturabilir.

Kendini dene

Karın BT'sinde aorta kontrastlı, portal ven dalları zayıf seçiliyor ve karaciğer parankimi henüz homojen parlak değil. Bu bulgular hangi BT fazını gösterir?
Cevabı göster
Erken arteriyel faz. Arteriyel faz genellikle enjeksiyondan yaklaşık 30 saniye sonra gerçekleşirken, portal venöz dolum henüz tamamlanmadığı için parankim kontrastlanması sınırlı kalır.
Fokal karaciğer lezyonlarının karakterizasyonunda çokfazlı dinamik BT incelemelerinin klinik değeri nedir?
Cevabı göster
Arteriyel ve portal venöz fazlardaki kontrastlanma paternleri lezyon tiplerini ayırt etmede kullanılır. S58'e göre çokfazlı BT, arteriyel ve portal venöz fazlardaki kontrastlanma farklılıklarını değerlendirerek lezyon karakterizasyonunu sağlar.

Bu konunun yer aldığı turlar

İlgili konular

Pencere seviyesi ve genişliği

Kaynaklar

Bu sayfadaki 37 cümle ve 2 quiz sorusu aşağıdaki kaynaklardan alıntılarla tek tek karşılaştırıldı; 9 cümle bu karşılaştırmada düzeltildi (2026-10-08).

Correlation of the Diagnostic Accuracy of Dual Energy Computed Tomography and Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography in Mediastinal Lymph Node Staging in Lung Cancer: A Systematic Reviewpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Single-Bolus Sequential Triple-Rule-Out CT Angiography: Image Quality and Radiation Dose on Wide-Area Detector and Dual-Source CTpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Opportunistic osteoporosis screening using multiphase abdominal CT: reliable proximal femur BMD assessment with AI-assisted segmentationpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Duplicated left renal vein with aberrant inferior drainage to left common iliac vein: A rare anomaly of left renal veinpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Sequential Helical–Axial–Helical Triple-Rule-Out CT Angiography: Technical Feasibility and Territory-Specific Image Quality in the Emergency Departmentpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
The spectrum of sepsis-associated encephalopathy: a clinical perspective.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound of Focal Liver Masses: A Success Story.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Imaging of cerebral venous thrombosis.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Automated Identification of Optimal Portal Venous Phase Timing with Convolutional Neural Networks.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Optimal timing for first-pass stress CT myocardial perfusion imaging.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Post-transplantation hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence: Patterns and relation between vascularity and differentiation degree.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Independent Predictors of Mortality in Torso Trauma Injuries.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Magnetic Resonance Thrombus Imaging to Differentiate Acute from Chronic Portal Vein Thrombosis.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
CEUS LI-RADS: algorithm, implementation, and key differences from CT/MRI.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
[Early imaging diagnosis of primary liver cancer].pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Simultaneous dual-contrast imaging using energy-integrating detector multi-energy CT: An in vivo feasibility study.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Diagnostic features of real-time contrast-enhanced ultrasound in focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Optimizing the Schedule of PARP Inhibitors in Combination with 177 Lu-DOTATATE: A Dosimetry Rationale.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
A case report: a young waiter with Paget-Schroetter syndrome.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Contrast-Enhanced CT Finding of Hot Spot Sign Secondary to Supra Hilar Mass Causing Superior Vena Cava Syndrome: A Case Report.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
DEB-TACE Combined with Immunotherapy and Targeted Therapy for Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Scapular Metastasis: A Case Report.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS): A Comprehensive Review.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Role of SIRT in Patients With Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Current Clinical Indications and Future Perspectives.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Balloon-Occluded Transarterial Chemoembolization for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Technical Rationale, Current Evidence, and Future Directions.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Spectral CT and Photon-counting Detector CT: Principles and Applications in Neuroradiology.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Understanding Photon-Counting CT: Physics, Detector Technology, and Image Reconstructions.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Change in Emergency Department Length of Stay following Routine Adoption of Dual-Energy CT to Differentiate Intracranial Hemorrhage from Calcification.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Spectral Computed Tomography Angiography in Visceral Artery Aneurysms: Technical Principles and Clinical Applications.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Venous-significant intracranial hemorrhage in neonatal HIE treated with therapeutic hypothermia: imaging phenotypes, diagnostic pitfalls, and prognostic implications.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Acute Traumatic Aortic Injury: What the Radiologist Needs to Know.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Magnetic resonance imaging of primary central nervous system neoplasms of dogs and cats: Basic concepts for diagnostic pathologists.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Cardiac calcified amorphous tumor as a potential cause of cerebral infarction: A clinical case report.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Imaging of the skull base and orbital tumors.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Bubbles in the barely born-contrast-enhanced ultrasound in neonates: a single-center experience.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
A comparison of contrast-to-noise ratio of liver tumors between dynamic contrast-enhanced CT and respiration-tracked 4D-CT for radiotherapy targeting.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Portal vein aneurysm mimicking a pancreatic mass: A case report with an emphasis on imaging pitfalls.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Imaging of pancreatic hepatoid adenocarcinoma: a scoping review.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Multimodal imaging features to diagnose abdominal complications of sickle cell disease.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Updates on Imaging Assessment of Pancreatic Cancer for Determining Anatomic and Biologic Resectability.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Long-term safety and effectiveness of the "OptEase" vena cava filter.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Imaging of Pheochromocytomas and Paragangliomas.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Computed Tomography Techniques, Protocols, Advancements, and Future Directions in Liver Diseases.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Adrenal cavernous hemangioma: A rare tumor that mimics adrenal cortical carcinoma.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
When Cancer Clots: An Extensive Radiologic Analysis of Cancer-Associated Thromboembolism.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Computed Tomographic Findings of Primary Hepatic Extraskeletal Osteosarcoma With Peritoneal Metastasis via Periportal Space in a Dog.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Contrast-Enhanced Low-Mechanical-Index Endoscopic Ultrasound for the Evaluation of Focal Liver Lesions.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
A Case of Misdiagnosed Hepatic Sarcoidosis: Evaluating Ultrasound Resolution Microscopy for Differentiating Hepatic Sarcoidosis from Hepatocellular Carcinoma.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Case Report: AFP-producing gastric hepatoid adenocarcinoma with multiple liver metastases - integrating quantitative imaging and diagnostic decision analysis.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Adult Hepatic Infarction for Internists: A Practical Diagnostic and Management Pathway to Avoid Misdiagnosis, Unnecessary Drainage, and Delayed Vascular Recognition.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI in hepatocellular carcinoma: a comprehensive review of diagnostic, surveillance, and treatment response prediction and assessment.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Contrast bolus timing in CT-angiography and CT-perfusion: insights from a large clinical dataset.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Artificial Intelligence for Computer-Aided Detection in Endovascular Interventions: Clinical Applications, Validation, and Translational Perspectives.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
AI-Based Pulmonary Embolism Detection: The Added Value of a False-Positive Reduction Module over a Region Proposal Network.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
A CT-Based 3D Anatomical Mapping Study of Right Posterior Portal and Hepatic Venous Patterns: Revisiting Liver Segmentation and Its Surgical Implication.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Diagnosis, clinical assessment, and staging of hepatocellular carcinoma: a Brazilian multidisciplinary consensus.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
A Dataset of Abdominal CT with Artery and Vein Segmentations for Colorectal Cancer Surgical Planning.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Dual-modality imaging with CEUS and MRI for early recurrence assessment in hepatocellular carcinoma following combined radiofrequency ablation and transarterial chemoembolization.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Triple phase CT in evaluating indeterminate focal liver lesion.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Clinical applications of 4D flow magnetic resonance imaging in hepatic vascular disorders: practical biomarkers, protocol design, and translational implementation.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Diagnostic Sensitivity of [18F]-Florbetaben-PET/CT in Detecting Cardiac Involvement in AL Amyloidosis: The Prospective MoRBiDA Study.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
MRI-Derived Evaluation of Liver Function and Its Extension to K-Edge Photon-Counting CT: Focus on Gadolinium-Based Functional Biliary Imaging.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Clinical and CT/MRI features of hepatic AL amyloidosis: preliminary experience in 10 cases.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
MRI findings of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma with sarcomatoid differentiation: a retrospective case series.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Splenoses and Other Ectopic and Heterotopic Splenic Tissue: The Use of Long-Lasting Enhancement in Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound to Avoid Unnecessary Intervention.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
An unusual superior mesenteric arteriovenous malformation causing obscure gastrointestinal bleeding: a case report.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy (ALPPS) as a double-edged sword: leveraging imaging evaluation to maximize benefits and mitigate risks.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Transition from acute kidney injury to chronic kidney disease: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic interventions.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Kidneys on the Frontline: Nephrologists Tackling the Wilds of Acute Kidney Injury in Trauma Patients-From Pathophysiology to Early Biomarkers.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Human biomarker navigator.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Clinical Imaging and Innovations in Aortic Aneurysm and Dissection.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Cardiovascular imaging techniques for electrophysiologists.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Extensive myocardial calcifications in a dialysis patient: A porcelain heart manifesting with abdominal pain.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Efficiency and Optimization of Iodinated Contrast Agents in Cerebral Aneurysm CT Angiography: A Systematic Review.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Single-Bolus Sequential Triple-Rule-Out CT Angiography: Image Quality and Radiation Dose on Wide-Area Detector and Dual-Source CT.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Optimizing coronary CT angiography in patients with delayed contrast arrival using a free-breathing, high-threshold bolus-tracking protocol.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Pediatric emergency medicine point-of-care ultrasound: summary of the evidence.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
The Gastric Vein Variants: An Evidence-Based Systematic Review of Prevalence and Clinical Considerations.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
ESGAR consensus statement on liver MR imaging and clinical use of liver-specific contrast agents.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Clinical significance and future applications of standardized imaging parameters for assessing paraspinal muscle fatty infiltration in lumbar degenerative disease: a narrative review.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
The Impact of CT Reconstruction Parameters on Emphysema Index Quantification, HU-Based Measurements, and Goddard Score in COPD Assessment: A Prospective Study.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Plaque-Adapted Virtual Monoenergetic Image Selection for Carotid Plaque Visualization Using Photon-Counting CT.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Rare hilar giant cystic cholangiogenic adenoma: a case report and literature review.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Extreme Variability of the Kidney Hilar Architecture: A Radioanatomical Map to Guide Surgical Approaches.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
A canine case of multiple intrahepatic portosystemic shunts.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Real-time contrast-enhanced ultrasound-guided percutaneous biopsy in the diagnosis of malignant solitary fibrous tumor of liver: A case report and review of the literature.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Beyond Conventional CT: Role of Dual-Energy CT in Monitoring Response to Therapy in Abdominal Malignancies.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Imaging Evaluation for Steatotic Liver Disease.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Performance of free-breathing contrast-enhanced and unenhanced stack-of-spirals ultrashort echo time MRI for lung follow-up in patients with malignancies at 1.5T.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Imaging features, diagnosis, and clinical management of hepatic involvement in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: a case series report and literature review.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Ectopic liver tissue on the gallbladder wall with independent vascular supply: a case report.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Pediatric Vascular Anomalies: A Clinical and Radiological Perspective.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
MRI assessment of hepatocellular carcinoma after locoregional therapy.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Commentary: an eye on PET quantification.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Peribiliary Inflammatory Phlegmon Masquerading as Cholangiocarcinoma in Janus Kinase 2 V617F-positive Primary Myelofibrosis: A Multimodality Imaging Diagnosis.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Case Report: Indocyanine green fluorescence imaging in complex focal nodular hyperplasia resection: report of two cases.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Improvement in the Image Quality of Bile and Pancreatic Ducts with Dual- Layer Spectral CT.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Technical Basics and Clinical Benefits of Photon-Counting CT.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Hepatic visceral larva migrans, a resilient entity on imaging: Experience from a tertiary liver center.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Intracranial venous thrombosis imaging by anatomical location: an educational review with mimics and diagnostic pitfalls.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Assessing Pancreatic Enhancement Variability in ICU Patients with CT Hypoperfusion Complex: A Retrospective Single-Center Study.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Novel High-Atomic-Number Element and Nanoparticle-Based CT Contrast Agents: Advanced Design Strategies and Clinical Translational Barriers.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Schistosoma Mansoni and Haematobium: Radiological Diagnostic Clues and Pathophysiology.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Imaging Cardiac Amyloidosis: From Early Diagnosis to Risk Stratification and Evaluation of Treatment Efficacy.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Development of hepatopancreatic arterial-dominant phase (HPAP) images using partial downslope injection technique and application to evaluation of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Utilisation of Objective and Subjective Image Quality Metrics to Guide Optimal Contrast Volumes for Abdominal CT.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Prediction of histopathological grade in gastric cancer using dual energy CT-derived synthetic extracellular volume fraction.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Thoracic-abdominopelvic contrast-enhanced dual-source computed tomography with a high-pitch acquisition protocol and free breathing for reducing motion artifacts and scan time in patients with cancer: a prospective study.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
A case of focal nodular hyperplasia-like lesion presenting unusual signal intensity on the hepatobiliary phase of gadoxetic acid-enhanced magnetic resonance image.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Focal Liver Lesions other than Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Cirrhosis: Diagnostic Challenges.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Functional Renal Assessment via Dynamic LAFOV 18F-FDG PET/CT in a Patient with Recurrent Extranodal Marginal-Zone Lymphoma.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Case Report: The cystic masquerade in type 1 Von Hippel-Lindau disease: coexisting clear cell renal cell carcinoma and an imaging-suspected pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Primary Renal Ewing Sarcoma Presenting With Divergent Radiological Phenotypes: A Radiology-Focused Case Series Featuring the Mimicking of Renal Cell Carcinoma and Urinary Tract Urothelial Carcinoma.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Percutaneous left renal vein stenting in posterior nutcracker syndrome: technical and antithrombotic nuances - a case report.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Computed Tomographic Findings and Clinical Manifestations of Acute Severe Hypersensitivity to a Non-Ionic Iodinated Contrast Agent in a Castrated Male Dog: A Case Report.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Primary malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor of the liver: a case report and literature review.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Eğitim amaçlıdır; hasta başında tanı ve tedavi kararının yerine geçmez. İçerik yapay zekâ destekli bir süreçle güncel literatüre göre cümle cümle kaynaklarla karşılaştırıldı, ancak uzman radyolog incelemesinden geçmedi. Klinik kararlarda güncel kılavuzları, kurum protokollerini ve radyoloji raporunu esas alın.