Geçici hepatik atenüasyon farkı (THAD)

Özet

THAD, bölgesel portal akım azalması veya arteriyel katkı artışının dinamik kontrastlı BT'de oluşturduğu geçici parankim görünümüdür. Arteriyel fazda kitle gibi parlak seçilebildiği için özellikle sirotik karaciğerde hepatoselüler karsinomla karıştırılabilir. Fazlar arası kaybolması, kama biçimi ve içinden geçen normal damarlar BT'nin başlıca ayırt ettirici katkısıdır. Gerçek nodül sanılması gereksiz ileri incelemeye; gerçek bir tümör çevresindeki perfüzyon değişikliğinin lezyon sınırına katılması ise boyutun hatalı değerlendirilmesine yol açabilir.

Faz ve pencere

Arteriyel tanısal

Arteriyel fazda çoğunlukla periferik, düz kenarlı kama veya üçgen biçimli hiperatenüöz parankim görülür; alan gerçek bir solid kitle gibi yuvarlak kontur kazanmaz ve içinden normal damar dalları geçebilir.

Portal tanısal

Portal venöz fazda bölge çevre parankimle izodens hale gelir; kalıcı nodüler kontrastlanma veya kitle etkisi oluşturan kontur değişikliği gözlenmez.

Gecikmiş tanısal

Gecikmiş faz tek başına THAD tanısı koydurmaz. Tipik perfüzyon psödolezyonu arteriyel faz dışındaki serilerde silinir ve kitle etkisi oluşturmaz; başka fazlarda süren yuvarlak, kitle biçimli görünüm gerçek fokal lezyon olasılığını artırır.

Önerilen pencereler: Karaciğer (G 150 / M 30), Batın (G 400 / M 50).

BT bulguları

• Arteriyel fazda kama, üçgen veya koni biçimli bölgesel hiperatenüasyon; çoğu kez subkapsüler yerleşim.
• Alan kenarının düz ve segmental perfüzyon sınırına uyan görünümü; yuvarlak, ekspansil bir kitle konturu oluşturmaması.
• Portal ve hepatik ven dallarının parankim odağından doğal kalibrasyon ve doğrultuyla geçmesi.
• Portal fazda çevre karaciğerle atenüasyonun eşitlenmesi; kalıcı nodüler kontrastlanma kusurunun bulunmaması.
• THAD alanı geçici parankimal kontrastlanma farkıdır; normal damarların bu alandan geçmesi gerçek kitlelerden ayrımına yardımcı olur.
• Portal ven trombozu, kompresyonu ya da tümör çevresi gibi yerel akım değişikliğini açıklayabilecek nedenin eşlik edebilmesi.

Normalde

THAD değerlendirmesinde, arteriyel fazdaki bölgesel kontrastlanmanın portal venöz fazda çevre parankimle normal ya da normale yakın atenüasyona dönüp dönmediğini ve normal damarların alan içinden geçip geçmediğini karşılaştır. Kıyaslamada kuşkulu alanın aynı anatomik düzeydeki komşu segmentlerden yalnız arteriyel fazda ayrışıp ayrışmadığını ve portal ven dalının içinden itilmeden geçip geçmediğini kontrol et.

Ayırıcı tanı

HCC arteriyel faz hiperatenüansı ve portal ya da gecikmiş faz yıkanması gösterebilir; THAD ise kama biçimi, alan içinden geçen normal damarlar ve portal fazda normale yakın atenüasyona dönmesiyle ayırt edilebilir.

Fokal nodüler hiperplazi, arteriyel kontrastlanma ve merkezî skar gösterebilen bir karaciğer lezyonudur.

Hemangiom

periferik kesintili nodüler kontrastlanma ve sonraki fazlarda içe doğru dolum eğilimi gösterir.

Hepatik infarkt gerçek parankimal iskemi/infarktı ifade eder; fokal portal venöz obstrüksiyona eşlik eden heterojen karaciğer kontrastlanması ise THAD olarak görülebilir ve gerçek parankimal infarktla karıştırılmamalıdır.

Tuzaklar

• Arteriyel fazın yanlış zamanlanması kontrastlanmayı ve atenüasyon ölçümlerini etkileyebilir; değerlendirmede aortadaki atenüasyonu referans almak yardımcı olabilir.
• THAD genellikle lezyonun periferinde bulunur ve lezyonla komşudur; hastanın takibinde THAD alanını lezyon çapına ekleyerek hastalığın boyutunu abartmamak gerekir.
• Tipik THAD portal venöz fazda çevre parankimle normal ya da normale yakın atenüasyona döner; diğer fazlarda süren bir kontrastlanma farkı tipik geçici görünümle uyumlu değildir.

Kendini dene

1. THAD olarak tanımlanan arteriyel fazdaki kama biçimli alan, portal venöz fazda tipik olarak nasıl değişir?

   • Çevre karaciğer parankimiyle aynı ya da yakın atenüasyona döner
   • Aynı biçimde parlak kalır ve yeni bir yuvarlak kontur kazanır
   • Portal venöz fazda belirgin biçimde daha parlak hale gelir
   • Karaciğer parankiminden bağımsız, sıvı atenüasyonlu bir alan oluşturur
   Cevabı göster

   Çevre karaciğer parankimiyle aynı ya da yakın atenüasyona döner. THAD alanı portal venöz fazda normal ya da normale yakın atenüasyona döner.

2. Arteriyel seride kama biçimli karaciğer hiperatenüasyonu görülüyor. Hangi bulgu, THAD'ın beklenen fazlar arası görünümüne uymaz?

   • Parlaklığın portal fazda silikleşmesi ve parankim atenüasyonunun eşitlenmesi
   • Düz sınır boyunca portal damar dalının doğal seyirle alan içinden geçmesi
   • Portal fazda kalıcı, yuvarlak ve kitle biçimli hipoatenüan odağın kalması
   • Bölgesel kontrast farkının yalnız arteriyel fazda belirgin olması
   Cevabı göster

   Portal fazda kalıcı, yuvarlak ve kitle biçimli hipoatenüan odağın kalması. THAD tipik olarak arteriyel fazda kama biçimli görünür, normal damarları içerir ve portal/venöz dönemde çevre parankimle izodens hale gelir. Kalıcı, yuvarlak ve kitle biçimli odak yalnız geçici perfüzyon farkıyla açıklanmaz; gerçek fokal lezyon açısından değerlendirilmelidir.

Bu konunun yer aldığı turlar

• Karaciğer fokal lezyonları ve kontrast fazları

İlgili konular

• Fokal yağlanma ve yağdan korunmuş alan

Kaynaklar

Bu sayfadaki 35 cümle ve 2 quiz sorusu aşağıdaki kaynaklardan alıntılarla otomatik olarak karşılaştırıldı; 9 cümle bu karşılaştırmada düzeltildi (2026-10-09).

1. Acute portal vein thrombosis postimage-guided liver biopsy in common variable immunodeficiencypmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
2. Comparing the computed tomography radiologic features of cytokeratin 19-positive hepatocellular carcinoma to those of conventional hepatocellular carcinoma and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomapmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
3. Hepatic pseudolesions caused by alterations in intrahepatic hemodynamicspmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
4. Hepatic sclerosed hemangioma and sclerosing cavernous hemangioma: a radiological studypmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
5. The Impact of Transient Hepatic Attenuation Differences in the Diagnosis of Pseudoaneurysm and Arteriovenous Fistula on Follow-Up CT Scans after Blunt Liver Traumapmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
6. Ongoing challenges in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
7. Transient hepatic attenuation difference or fat sparing? Aberrant right gastric vein determining a pseudolesion at the border of the IInd/IIIrd liver segments. Review of developmental concepts.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
8. Hepatic pseudolesions caused by alterations in intrahepatic hemodynamics.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
9. Hepatic sclerosed hemangioma and sclerosing cavernous hemangioma: a radiological study.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
10. A Comprehensive Approach to Hepatic Vascular Disease.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
11. Diagnostic performance of multidetector CT for acute cholangitis: evaluation of a CT scoring method.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
12. The Impact of Transient Hepatic Attenuation Differences in the Diagnosis of Pseudoaneurysm and Arteriovenous Fistula on Follow-Up CT Scans after Blunt Liver Trauma.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
13. Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis: diagnostic performance of US, CT, and MRI for differentiation from gallbladder carcinoma.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
14. Differentiation between biliary cystic neoplasms and simple cysts of the liver: accuracy of CT.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
15. Transient Hepatic Attenuation Differences in Computed Tomography from Extrahepatic Portal Vein Compression.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
16. Identification of MRI features associated with injury type, severity, and prognosis in drug-induced liver injury.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
17. Septic thrombophlebitis of the portal venous system: clinical and imaging findings in thirty-three patients.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
18. Multislice Computed Tomographic Manifestation of Transient Hepatic Attenuation Difference in the Left Lobe of the Liver: A Retrospective Study.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
19. Classification of hypervascular liver lesions based on hepatic artery and portal vein blood supply coefficients calculated from triphasic CT scans.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
20. Case Report: Multimodality imaging features and serial metabolic changes on ¹⁸ F-FDG PET/CT in a dog with granulomatous hepatitis.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
21. Computed Tomographic Findings and Clinical Manifestations of Acute Severe Hypersensitivity to a Non-Ionic Iodinated Contrast Agent in a Castrated Male Dog: A Case Report.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
22. Low concentration isotonic iodixanol on hepatic and portal veins imaging quality and renal function: A 320-detector CT dual-energy study.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
23. Emerging Perspectives in the Diagnosis and Management of Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD): A Narrative Review.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
24. Human biomarker navigator.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
25. That liver lesion on MDCT in the oncology patient: is it important?pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
26. Post-operative imaging in liver transplantation: state-of-the-art and future perspectives.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
27. The TSANZ Practical Guide for Clinicians in the Management of Screen- and Incidentally-Detected Nodules.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
28. EACR 2025 Congress: Innovative Cancer Science, 16-19 June 2025.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
29. Imaging findings of mimickers of hepatocellular carcinoma.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
30. Non-invasive ultrasound assessment of chronic liver disease: current position and future directions for a "one-stop" liver ultrasound approach.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
31. Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
32. Acute portal vein thrombosis postimage-guided liver biopsy in common variable immunodeficiency.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
33. Assessing Pancreatic Enhancement Variability in ICU Patients with CT Hypoperfusion Complex: A Retrospective Single-Center Study.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
34. Patterns of injury and violence in Yaoundé Cameroon: an analysis of hospital data.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
35. Non-invasive diagnosis of focal liver lesions: an individualized approach.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
36. Hepatic perfusion disorders: etiopathogenesis and related diseases.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
37. Long-term safety and effectiveness of the "OptEase" vena cava filter.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
38. Interventional, surgical, and clinical management of Abernethy malformations: A case series and novel anatomic variant.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
39. Guidelines on the Use of Therapeutic Apheresis in Clinical Practice-Evidence-Based Approach From the Writing Committee of the American Society for Apheresis: The Tenth Special Issue.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
40. Short- and long-term outcome and quality of life assessment in dogs undergoing transvenous coil embolization of congenital intrahepatic portosystemic shunts.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
41. Low-dose l-carnitine supplementation attenuates hepatic lipid accumulation in chow-fed mice: Insights from integrated multi-omics analysis.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
42. A Diagnostic Dilemma in Hepatic Cystic Lesions: Radiological Mimicry of Biliary Cystadenoma and Hydatid Cyst in a Histologically Confirmed Simple Hepatic Cyst.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
43. Comparison of the clinical characteristics and imaging findings of acute cholangitis with and without biliary dilatation.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
44. Cross-sectional imaging of congenital and acquired abnormalities of the portal venous system.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
45. Portal Vein Thrombosis: State-of-the-Art Review.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
46. Gut-Liver Axis Dysregulation in Portal Hypertension: Emerging Frontiers.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
47. Transformative biomechanics and mechanobiology breakthroughs shaping the future of health and medicine.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
48. TACE-HAIC Plus Targeted Therapy and Immunotherapy for HCC with Tumor Thrombus and Arteriovenous Fistula.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
49. Exploratory investigation of dose calculation and tumor-feeding artery identification using dual CBCT in selective internal radiation therapy with Yttrium-90 microspheres.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
50. A contrast‑enhanced CT histogram‑driven nomogram for predicting post‑radiotherapy liver regeneration in hepatocellular carcinoma.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
51. Clinical value of contrast-enhanced ultrasound in early diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
52. Three Types of Collateral Arterial Supply to the Spleen After Spleen-Preserving Distal Pancreatectomies with Splenic Vessels Resection-How to Use This Knowledge for Organ(s) Preservation in Locally Advanced and Borderline Resectable Pancreatic Head Cancers Surgery-Hemodynamic, Surgical and Oncological Outcomes of 134 Spleen-Preserving Pancreatectomies.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
53. Clinicopathological insights and management of liver metastases: Current advances and future perspectives.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
54. Comparing the computed tomography radiologic features of cytokeratin 19-positive hepatocellular carcinoma to those of conventional hepatocellular carcinoma and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
55. Long-Term Care in Fontan Circulation: Surveillance and Management of Fontan-Associated Liver Disease and Protein-Losing Enteropathy.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
56. Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD): New Perspectives on an Evolving Epidemic.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
57. Imaging insights into pediatric liver masses: A comprehensive minireview for hepatology practice.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
58. Imaging at the nexus: how state of the art imaging techniques can enhance our understanding of cancer and fibrosis.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
59. Bubbles in the barely born-contrast-enhanced ultrasound in neonates: a single-center experience.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
60. Liver transplantation for pediatric liver tumors: a case report of hepatic angiosarcoma with literature review.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
61. Use of the Term "Atypical Hepatic Hemangioma" in Radiology Reports: An Analysis of Diagnostic Precision.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
62. Comprehensive review of pulmonary embolism imaging: past, present and future innovations in computed tomography (CT) and other diagnostic techniques.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
63. Current concepts in the management of non-cirrhotic non-malignant portal vein thrombosis.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
64. Diagnostic and therapeutic recommendations in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Recommendations of the Working Group of the Polish Pancreatic Club.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
65. Advances in Biomaterials and Technologies for Vascular Embolization.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
66. Preoperative imaging of colorectal liver metastases: what the radiologist and the multidisciplinary team need to know.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
67. MR Imaging of the Perihepatic Space.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
68. Evaluating the Effectiveness of Yttrium-90 Glass Microspheres in the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma, and Metastatic Colorectal Cancer in Practice: Protocol for the Prospective PROACTIF Phase IV Registry Study in France.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
69. Longitudinal Inpatient Trajectories After Splenic Artery Embolization in Cirrhosis: Real-World Evidence from Kazakhstan.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
70. Ultrasound Evaluation of Fontan-Associated Liver Disease: A State-of-the-Art Review.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
71. Perioperative nursing coordination and complication management in Yttrium-90 radioactive microsphere therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
72. Hepatobiliary phase imaging in HCC: revisiting diagnostic algorithms and clinical utility of gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI across international guidelines.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
73. Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS): A Comprehensive Review.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
74. Magnetic Resonance-Guided Radiotherapy for Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Bile Duct Tumor Thrombus: A Case Series and Review of Treatment Options.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
75. Non-contrast microvascular flow imaging in abdominal ultrasound: a pictorial essay.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
76. Pylorus-Preserving Pancreatoduodenectomy with Arterial Reconstruction and Right Gastric Vessel Preservation for Pancreatic Head Cancer with Atherosclerotic Celiac Axis Stenosis and Common Hepatic Artery Occlusion: A Case Report.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
77. Venous Thromboembolism in Neonates, Children, and Adolescents: A Comprehensive Narrative Review of Risk Factors, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
78. EAT Thickness and BAT-Related Thermogenesis: Dual Imaging Phenotypes Associated with Hepatic Steatosis Severity in MASLD.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
79. The Association of Neutrophil-To-Lymphocyte and Platelet-To-Lymphocyte Ratios With Distant Metastasis in Vietnamese Gastric Cancer Patients.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
80. Ultrasound Radiomics in Pediatric Imaging: Current Applications, Challenges, and Future Directions Toward Clinical Implementation.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
81. Application of immunoPET imaging to enhance head and neck squamous cell carcinoma clinical management.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
82. Comparison of abdominal computed tomography to ultrasonography in the diagnosis of biliary disease in dogs with acute abdominal signs.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
83. Alveolar Type 2 Cell Dysfunction Is Associated with Bile Acid Alterations in Experimental Hepatopulmonary Syndrome.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
84. Vendor-agnostic versus vendor-specific boost methods in low-concentration contrast-enhanced computed tomography of the abdomen.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
85. Study on the combined application of selected virtual monoenergetic imaging, virtual non-contrast imaging, and adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction-V in head and neck CT angiography using 256-slice wide-body CT.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
86. "WBC-HBP Dissociation" Unveils Occult Xanthogranulomatous Inflammation Mimicking Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Diabetic Patients.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
87. Focal nodular hyperplasia: a rare benign liver tumour in early childhood without predisposing factors.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
88. Contrast-Enhanced CT Finding of Hot Spot Sign Secondary to Supra Hilar Mass Causing Superior Vena Cava Syndrome: A Case Report.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
89. Focal Nodular Hyperplasia Presenting With Biliary Obstruction and Intrahepatic Gallstones: A Case Report and Literature Review.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
90. Associations Among CTA Collateral Scores, Multimodal MRI Lesion Volumes, and Clinical Severity in Acute Middle Cerebral Artery Infarction.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
91. Recent Progress in PET and SPECT Myocardial Perfusion Imaging: From Radiopharmaceuticals to Imaging Innovations.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
92. Arterial Thrombosis in Severe Ulcerative Colitis: A Case-Based Narrative Review of Current Evidence.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
93. Multicontrast Multiphase Intestinal Imaging Using Photon-Counting CT: A Feasibility Study in Rats.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
94. Phase identification for dynamic CT enhancements with generative adversarial network.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
95. Systemic pharmacological treatments for chronic plaque psoriasis: a network meta-analysis.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
96. Computed Tomographic Findings of Liver Cirrhosis in Dogs: Comparison between Compensated and Decompensated Cirrhosis.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
97. Transarterial embolization with bleomycin-lipiodol for symptomatic multifocal hepatic hemangiomas: Concurrent nontarget lesion devascularization via permitted reflux.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
98. Role of SIRT in Patients With Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Current Clinical Indications and Future Perspectives.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
99. Application value of dual-phase cone-beam computed tomography during hepatic arteriography in the detection of ≤2 cm hypervascular hepatocellular carcinoma and its feeding arteries.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
100. Ultrasound innovations in abdominal radiology: techniques and clinical applications in pediatric imaging.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
101. Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Complications, Diagnosis, Management, and Emerging Fibrosis-Linked Remodeling.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
102. Commentary: an eye on PET quantification.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
103. Ultrasound elastography in pediatric care: bridging innovation and noninvasive diagnostics.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
104. A case of hepatic segmental atrophy mimicking spontaneously necrotized hepatocellular carcinoma.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
105. Atypical Appearance of Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Its Mimickers: How to Solve Challenging Cases Using Gadoxetic Acid-Enhanced Liver Magnetic Resonance Imaging.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
106. Recent Advances in the Imaging Diagnosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Value of Gadoxetic Acid-Enhanced MRI.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
107. Practical approach to diagnose and manage benign liver masses.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
108. Glomerulonephritis through the lens of ultrasound and radiology.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
109. Washout on Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound of Benign Focal Liver Lesions-A Review on Its Frequency and Possible Causes.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
110. Acute paraumbilical vein recanalization: an unusual complication of acute pancreatitis.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
111. Current Management of Infective Endocarditis: A Narrative Review Focused on Unmet Clinical Needs and the Multidisciplinary Approach.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
112. Nanoparticle Contrast Agents for Photon-Counting Computed Tomography: Recent Developments and Future Opportunities.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
113. Computed Tomography Techniques, Protocols, Advancements, and Future Directions in Liver Diseases.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
114. Hepatobiliary phases in magnetic resonance imaging using liver-specific contrast for focal lesions in clinical practice.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
115. The AFSUMB Consensus Statements and Recommendations for the Clinical Practice of Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound using Sonazoid.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Eğitim amaçlıdır; hasta başında tanı ve tedavi kararının yerine geçmez, tıbbi tavsiye değildir. Metinler yapay zekâ desteğiyle yazıldı ve otomatik bir adımda kaynak alıntılarıyla karşılaştırıldı; bu bir tıbbi doğrulama değildir ve içerik uzman radyolog incelemesinden geçmedi. Klinik kararlarda güncel kılavuzları, kurum protokollerini ve radyoloji raporunu esas alın.