Osteoporoz ve trabeküler seyrelme

Özet

Osteoporoz, kemik dayanımının azalmasıyla düşük enerjili kırık riskini artırır; vertebra, kalça ve distal önkol kırıkları klinik sonuçları belirler. Rutin BT'de vertebral trabeküler atenüasyon ölçümleri kemik mineral yoğunluğu hakkında ek bilgi sağlayabilir; DXA kemik mineral yoğunluğu değerlendirmesinde klinik altın standarttır. BT vertebra kırığının morfolojisini değerlendirmede kullanılabilir; akut kırıkla kronik deformitenin ayrımında MR önemli bir görüntüleme yöntemidir. Benign osteoporotik ve malign vertebra kompresyon kırıklarının görüntüleme görünümleri örtüşebilse de, ayırt edilmeleri farklı tedavi ve prognoz sonuçları nedeniyle önemlidir.

Faz ve pencere

Kontrastsız tanısal

Omurga BT'sinde osteoporoz taraması için vertebra gövdesinin trabeküler kemik bölgesinden Hounsfield birimi (HU) değerleri ölçülür; bu ölçümler DXA ile elde edilen kemik mineral yoğunluğu değerleriyle ilişkilendirilebilir. Kemik yoğunluğu ve kırık morfolojisi için IV kontrast gerekmez.

Kemik algoritması tanısal

Multiplanar rekonstrüksiyonlarda vertebra gövdesinin trabeküler yapısı değerlendirilebilir.

BT bulguları

• Trabeküler seyrelme — vertebra gövdesinin iç kemik yapısı daha az yoğun ve daha seyrek görünür; aynı incelemedeki komşu seviyelerle kıyaslanır.
• Vertebra kompresyon deformitesi — endplate çökmesi, ön gövde yüksekliğinde azalma veya bikonkav kontur gelişebilir.
• Kırık hattı — lineer endplate impaksiyonu ve iyi sınırlı kemik fragmanları benign kırık biçimini destekleyebilir.
• Arka duvar ve kanal — posterior duvar kırığı, retropulsiyon veya kanal daralması akut önem taşıyan morfolojik bulgulardır.
• Eşlik eden kırıklar — diğer vertebral seviyeler, sakrum, kaburgalar ve görüntü alanındaki pelvis kemiklerinde ek yetmezlik kırıkları aranır.
• Zamansal değişim — önceki BT'de bulunmayan yeni endplate çökmesi veya ilerleyen yükseklik kaybı aktif/yeni kırık lehine olabilir.

Ölçütler ve sınıflamalar

Genant yarı nicel vertebra deformitesi derecelendirmesi

Genant derecelendirmesinde derece 2 ve 3, vertebral kırık sınıflandırmasında kullanılan derecelerdir. Vertebral yükseklik deformitesi tek başına osteoporotik kırık tanısını koydurmaz; kırığı destekleyen bulgular ve osteoporotik kırığı taklit edebilecek diğer değişiklikler ayrıca değerlendirilmelidir.

Normalde

Normal vertebra gövdesinde trabeküler kemik düzenli, endplate konturları hafif konkav ve kortikal kabuk süreklidir; gövde yüksekliği komşu seviyelerle uyumludur. Önceki veya komşu vertebrayla kıyaslarken trabekül yoğunluğu, endplate çökmesi, ön-orta-arka yükseklik dağılımı ve posterior duvarın spinal kanala göre konumuna bakın.

Ayırıcı tanı

Metastatik vertebra kırığı

posterior eleman tutulumu, yumuşak doku kitlesi, posterior konturda dışbükey genişleme veya diğer kemik odakları maligniteyi destekler.

Travmatik kompresyon kırığı

belirgin travma, akut kırık hattı ve çevre kemiklerde eşlik eden yaralanmalar mekanizmayı açıklar; düşük kemik yoğunluğu eşlik edebilir.

Hipofosfatemiye bağlı osteomalaziye eşlik eden stres kırığı, görüntülemede kas-iskelet malignitesi ayırıcı tanısını gündeme getirebilir.

Akut enfeksiyöz spondilodiskit

komşu endplate erozyonları, disk aralığı tutulumu ve paravertebral inflamatuvar değişiklikler beklenir.

Tuzaklar

• Tek bir düşük atenüasyonlu vertebrayı osteoporozla açıklamayın; fokal litik infiltrasyon, miyelom veya metastaz da yoğunluğu azaltabilir.
• BT'de görülen kompresyon deformitesinin akut mu kronik mi olduğunu ayırt etmek için MR tamamlayıcı bir yöntemdir.
• Kontrastlı incelemelerde iyotun etkisi bazı çalışmalarda minimum bulunmuş olsa da, protokol ve kVp değişiklikleri Hounsfield birimi değerlerini etkileyebilir; bu nedenle densitometrik değerler karşılaştırılırken teknik parametrelerin uyumu dikkate alınmalıdır.
• Düşük kemik yoğunluğu izlenimini DXA ile konmuş osteoporoz tanısı gibi sunmayın; BT fırsatçı saptama ve kırık morfolojisi değerlendirmesine yarar.
• Fırsatçı BT’de L1 atenüasyonunun 100 HU altında olması osteoporoz olasılığını artırabilir; 200 HU üzerindeki değerler osteoporoz olmadığını destekler, ancak atenüasyon tüp voltajı ve tarayıcı modelinden etkilenebilir.

Kendini dene

1. Osteoporoz tanısında kemik mineral yoğunluğunu değerlendirmek için klinik altın standart yöntem hangisidir?

   • DXA
   • Rutin kontrastsız BT
   • MR görüntüleme
   • Kemik sintigrafisi
   Cevabı göster

   DXA. DXA, kemik mineral yoğunluğunun klinik değerlendirilmesinde altın standart olarak kabul edilir.

2. Benign osteoporotik ve malign vertebra kompresyon kırıklarının görüntüleme bulgularıyla ayrımı hakkında hangi ifade doğrudur?

   • Görüntüleme bulguları örtüşebilir; karakteristik özellikler ayrımda yardımcı olabilir.
   • Görüntüleme bulguları her zaman tamamen farklıdır.
   • BT bu iki kırık tipini değerlendirmede kullanılamaz.
   • MR benign ve malign kırıkların ayrımına katkı sağlamaz.
   Cevabı göster

   Görüntüleme bulguları örtüşebilir; karakteristik özellikler ayrımda yardımcı olabilir.. Benign ve malign kompresyon kırıklarının görünümleri örtüşebilir; karakteristik görüntüleme özellikleri ayrımda yardımcı olabilir.

İlgili konular

• Renal osteodistrofi
• Hiperparatiroidi ve brown tümör

Kaynaklar

Bu sayfadaki 35 cümle ve 2 quiz sorusu aşağıdaki kaynaklardan alıntılarla otomatik olarak karşılaştırıldı; 9 cümle bu karşılaştırmada düzeltildi (2026-10-09).

1. Screening performance of sternal CT attenuation for opportunistic osteoporosispmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
2. Opportunistic Screening for Bone Demineralization by Whole Body CT in a Red‐Handed Howler Monkey ( Alouatta belzebul ) Under Human Carepmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
3. Artifact-Controlled Multi-Vertebral Transfer Learning Ensemble for Patient-Level Three-Class Osteoporosis Screening Using Thoracoabdominal CT-Derived Lumbar Imagespmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
4. Clinical validation of automatic phantom-less quantitative computed tomography for osteoporosis screening: fat region of interest comparison and multidevice validationpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
5. Cone Beam Computed Tomography of Bonejaws in Patients With Primary Osteoporosis: A Systematic Reviewpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
6. Nonspinal Fragility Fractures.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
7. Opportunistic screening for osteoporosis using abdominal computed tomography scans obtained for other indications.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
8. Quantitative computed tomography.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
9. Deep Learning-based Opportunistic CT Osteoporosis Screening and the Establishment of Normative Values.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
10. Fracture risk, underlying pathophysiology, and bone quality assessment in patients with Turner syndrome.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
11. Pueraria mirifica alleviates cortical bone loss in naturally menopausal monkeys.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
12. α₂-Antiplasmin is involved in bone loss induced by ovariectomy in mice.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
13. Abnormal microarchitecture and stiffness in postmenopausal women with ankle fractures.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
14. Abeliophyllum distichum Nakai alleviates postmenopausal osteoporosis in ovariectomized rats and prevents RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis in vitro.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
15. Ncf1 affects osteoclast formation but is not critical for postmenopausal bone loss.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
16. Glycyrrhizin improves bone metabolism in ovariectomized mice via inactivating NF-κB signaling.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
17. Alterations in trabecular bone microarchitecture in the ovine spine and distal femur following ovariectomy.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
18. Carfilzomib alleviated osteoporosis by targeting PSME1/2 to activate Wnt/β-catenin signaling.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
19. Prevalence and predictive factors of osteoporosis in systemic sclerosis patients: a case-control study.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
20. Can fingernail quality predict bone damage in Type 2 diabetes mellitus? a pilot study.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
21. FGF19 protects against obesity-induced bone loss by promoting osteogenic differentiation.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
22. Osteoporosis Diagnosis and Management: A Review from an Orthopedic Perspective.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
23. Impact of current and previous smoking on fracture risk in older women: the role of physical function, bone density, and bone microarchitecture.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
24. Endocrine-related osteoporosis: bone quality, clinical phenotype, and targeted management.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
25. Central and peripheral areal BMD, bone microarchitecture, and strength after initiation of androgen deprivation therapy in men with prostate cancer: a two-year follow-up study.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
26. Hajdu-Cheney Syndrome as a Rare Cause of Acroosteolysis: A Case Report.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
27. Skeletal Involvement in Systemic Mastocytosis: Pathophysiology, Clinical Management, Standards of Care, and Novel Therapeutic Strategies.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
28. Anatomical and biological reconstruction of traumatic complete burst fractures of the thoracolumbar vertebrae using pedicle fixation combined with stent-armed kyphoplasty and intracorporeal bone grafting: technique rationale, 7-year experience and clinical, imaging, and histological outcomes.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
29. Kyphoplasty as a Treatment Option for Traumatic Burst Fractures: A Case Series Evaluating Patient Outcomes and Functional Benefits.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
30. Efficacy and Complication Rates of Percutaneous Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty in the Treatment of Vertebral Compression Fractures: A Retrospective Analysis of 280 Patients.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
31. An exploratory multimodal imaging and clinicopathological strategy for suspected Kümmell's disease in the absence of MRI.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
32. Recognizing Sacral Insufficiency Fractures Hidden in Plain Sight: An Illustrative Case Report.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
33. Clinical and 18F-FDG PET/CT Imaging Characteristics of Post-radiotherapy Sacral Insufficiency Fractures in Cervical Cancer Patients.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
34. Case Report: Diagnostic and therapeutic challenges of secondary spinal tuberculosis following percutaneous vertebroplasty: a case of staged surgery with bone cement retention report.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
35. Osteomalacia Following Iron Infusion Therapy in a Patient With Rendu-Osler-Weber Syndrome: F-18-FDG PET/CT Discrimination of a Stress Fracture in the Setting of a Musculoskeletal Tumor Mimic.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
36. Advancements in biomaterials and bioactive solutions for lumbar spine fusion cages: Current trends and future perspectives.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
37. Identifying osteoporotic vertebral endplate and cortex fractures.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
38. Astragaloside IV modulates oxidative stress and osteoimmune-Wnt signaling in ovariectomized rats: an integrated study of RNA sequencing, molecular docking, and experimental validation.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
39. Diabetic bone fragility through advanced glycation end product-collagen axis: Mechanisms and therapy of sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
40. Central nervous system lymphatic network: from the maintenance of brain homeostasis to emerging therapeutic perspectives in neurodegenerative diseases.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
41. Current State-of-the-Art 3D MRI Sequences for Assessing Bone Morphology with Emphasis on Cranial and Spinal Imaging: A Narrative Review.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
42. Construction and validation of a U-type finite element model of an osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
43. Spinal lesions: a comprehensive radiologic overview.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
44. Enhanced Detection Performance of Acute Vertebral Compression Fractures Using a Hybrid Deep Learning and Traditional Quantitative Measurement Approach: Beyond the Limitations of Genant Classification.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
45. Magnetic resonance bone imaging: applications to vertebral lesions.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
46. Imaging of bone marrow pitfalls with emphasis on MRI.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
47. Evaluation of corticosteroid treatment in patients with post-traumatic ascending myelopathy and spinal cord injury: three case reports and review of the literature.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
48. A case of slack spinal cord secondary to lumbar vertebral collapse.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
49. Multiple Lumbar Compression Fractures Following a New-Onset Seizure: A Case Report.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
50. Malignant transformation in patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance treated with teriparatide for osteoporosis: a bicenter retrospective study and analysis of the French national pharmacovigilance database.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
51. Musculoskeletal Pitfalls on Molecular Imaging Studies of Oncologic Patients: How to Stay Out of Trouble.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
52. Paediatric Spinal Deformity Surgery: Complications and Their Management.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
53. Limited Impact of Short-Term Osteoporosis Medication on Vertebral Height Loss in the Acute Phase of Osteoporotic Vertebral Compression Fractures: A 3-Month Longitudinal Analysis.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
54. Robot-assisted modified unilateral percutaneous vertebroplasty for lumbar Kümmell's disease: a randomized controlled trial.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
55. Anatomy of the intraosseous arterial microvasculature of the adult lumbar vertebral body and its role in fracture healing: a literature review and historical perspective.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
56. Clinical characteristics, microbiological landscape, and severity-stratified management of pyogenic spondylitis: a retrospective cohort study.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
57. Preoperative CT-Based Planning for Unilateral Pedicle Approach PVP Reduces Cement Leakage and Improves Radiological Outcomes in Osteoporotic Vertebral Compression Fractures: A Retrospective Cohort Study.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
58. Comparative analysis of two modified TLICS systems in guiding surgical decision-making for thoracolumbar fractures.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
59. Explainable AI for classifying vertebral fracture histology in digital spine pathology.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
60. Padua Days on Muscle and Mobility Medicine, March 25-29, 2025, Hotel Petrarca, Euganean Thermae, Italy: Program and Abstracts.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
61. Vertebral Augmentation Involving Vertebroplasty or Kyphoplasty for Cancer-Related Vertebral Compression Fractures: A Systematic Review.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
62. High-Fidelity Finite Element Modeling Technique to Improve Sensitivity to Bone Tissue Changes of Older Adults with Obesity undergoing Intensive Lifestyle Intervention.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
63. Effects of salmon calcitonin on trabecular microarchitecture as determined by magnetic resonance imaging: results from the QUEST study.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
64. Intraoperative three-dimensional imaging-guided vertebral body stenting for cleft-associated very severe osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures: a surgical technique case series.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
65. Exploring the MRI-based vertebral bone quality score as a novel predictor of spongy cement distribution in osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures following percutaneous vertebral augmentation.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
66. Magnetic resonance imaging of the spine.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
67. Review of the Imaging Features of Benign Osteoporotic and Malignant Vertebral Compression Fractures.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
68. Compression fracture of the T12 vertebra combined with diaphragmatic hernia after low-energy trauma: a case report and literature review.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
69. Emergency radiology of severe acute injury in extreme alpine summer sports: a pictorial essay.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
70. Diagnostic decision-making, vertebral augmentation, and osteoporosis therapy in vertebral compression fractures: a narrative review.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
71. Pathophysiology of Femoral Fractures in Hypophosphatasia.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
72. Non-endemic skeletal fluorosis: Causes and associated secondary hyperparathyroidism (case report and literature review).pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
73. Glossary of terms for musculoskeletal radiology.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
74. Differentiating Tuberculous and Pyogenic Spondylodiscitis: Part II: MRI/CT Features, Prediction Models, and the Role of PET/CT-A Narrative Review.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
75. <i>Mycobacteroides abscessus</i> complex vertebral osteomyelitis and discitis of the thoracolumbar spine: a systematic review of management and outcomes with illustrative case.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
76. Streptomyces morookaense spinal suppurative infection: a case report.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
77. Radiomics in spinal research: a narrative review.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
78. Beyond Chordoma: A Comprehensive Review of Sacral Lesions.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
79. Imaging of Multiple Myeloma: Present and Future.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
80. A comparative study on percutaneous vertebroplasty for osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures under day surgery and inpatient management models.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
81. Unveiling Primary Bone Tumors of the Spine: A Review of Essential Imaging Clues.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
82. What Factors Contribute to the Poor Prognosis of Conservative Treatment for Osteoporotic Vertebral Compression Fracture (OVCF): A Systematic Review.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
83. Artifact-Controlled Multi-Vertebral Transfer Learning Ensemble for Patient-Level Three-Class Osteoporosis Screening Using Thoracoabdominal CT-Derived Lumbar Images.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
84. Screening performance of sternal CT attenuation for opportunistic osteoporosis.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
85. Multilevel Lumbar CT Attenuation Beyond L1: Comparison with QCT-Derived Volumetric Bone Mineral Density and Prevalent Fragility Fracture Status in a Diagnostic Referral Cohort.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
86. Deep Learning-Assisted Radiomics for Predicting Thoracolumbar Osteoporotic Vertebral Fractures.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
87. Diagnostic accuracy of Dual-Energy CT in detecting traumatic vertebral bone marrow edema: a prospective comparative study with MRI in the context of a level I trauma center.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
88. Geriatric spine fractures - Demography, changing trends, challenges and special considerations: A narrative review.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
89. Assessment of Vertebral Body Bone Quality in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS) Using Micro-CT, qBEI, and Nanoindentation-A Case Study.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
90. Pathogenic mechanisms of adult degenerative scoliosis.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
91. Outcomes and Surgical Considerations for Neurosurgical Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19-A Multicenter Case Series.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
92. Extra-cardiac findings in cardiovascular magnetic resonance: what the imaging cardiologist needs to know.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
93. Bone Loss, Osteoporosis, and Skeletal Fragility: Hidden Consequences of Cancer Cachexia.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
94. Asymptomatic Multiple Bilateral Segmental Pulmonary Embolisms Caused by Cement After Multilevel Vertebroplasty: A Case Report and Literature Review.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
95. Risk factors associated with bone cement leakage following percutaneous kyphoplasty: a retrospective analysis.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
96. Osteoporotic vertebral fractures: an update.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
97. The Prone-Transpsoas Approach for Single-Position Lateral Corpectomy: A Case Series.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
98. Anterior column reconstruction with mono-segmental fusion and lag screw fixation of sagittal split for burst-split fracture of the thoracolumbar spine.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
99. Does vertebral osteoporosis delay or accelerate lumbar disc degeneration? A systematic review.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
100. Advancement in the Treatment of Osteoporosis and the Effects on Bone Healing.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
101. Trabecular bone score beyond bone mineral density for identifying osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures: a matched case-control study.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
102. Automated classification of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures in DR images based on improved YOLO26n-seg.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
103. Vertebral trabecular attenuation serial changes on chest CT after autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
104. Radiation dose has no significant impact on CT-based bone mineral density measurements in a large-animal model.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
105. Opportunistic Screening for Bone Demineralization by Whole Body CT in a Red-Handed Howler Monkey (Alouatta belzebul) Under Human Care.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
106. Computed tomography-measured trabecular attenuation at first lumbar vertebra as a surrogate marker of bone mineral density and osteoporosis in patients undergoing hemodialysis.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
107. Liver transplantation-related osteoporosis and fragility fractures: pathogenic pathways, risk stratification and novel targeted therapy advances.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
108. Rapid Personalised Virtual Planning and On-Demand Surgery for Acute Spinal Trauma Using 3D-Printing, Biomodelling and Patient-Specific Implant Manufacture.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
109. Genetic Bone Diseases: A Scoping Review of Pathology, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, and New Horizons.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
110. The effect of spaceflight on tissues of the spinal column.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
111. Segmentation methods for quantifying X-ray Computed Tomography based biomarkers to assess hip fracture risk: a systematic literature review.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
112. Association of preoperative vertebral kyphosis and other factors with cement leakage after percutaneous kyphoplasty: a retrospective cohort study.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
113. Osteoblastic skeletal metastases mimicking high-bone-turnover metabolic bone disease in gastric adenocarcinoma.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
114. Uremic leontiasis ossea: distinctive imaging features allow differentiation from other clinical causes of leontiasis ossea.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
115. Sacroiliitis mimics: a case report and review of the literature.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Eğitim amaçlıdır; hasta başında tanı ve tedavi kararının yerine geçmez, tıbbi tavsiye değildir. Metinler yapay zekâ desteğiyle yazıldı ve otomatik bir adımda kaynak alıntılarıyla karşılaştırıldı; bu bir tıbbi doğrulama değildir ve içerik uzman radyolog incelemesinden geçmedi. Klinik kararlarda güncel kılavuzları, kurum protokollerini ve radyoloji raporunu esas alın.